Factors Associated with Falls in Community-Dwelling Older People with Focus on Participation in Sport Organizations: The Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study Project
Table 3
Multivariate adjusted OR and 95% CI for the associations of falls.
Model 1
Model 2
Model 3
OR (95% CI)
OR (95% CI)
OR (95% CI)
Frequency of participation in sport organizations
Not participating
1.00
1.00
1.00
Once a month or less
0.77 (0.69–0.87)**
0.94 (0.84–1.05)
0.91 (0.81–1.02)
Once a week
0.66 (0.57–0.75)**
0.82 (0.71–0.94)**
0.82 (0.72–0.95)**
2 or 3 times a week
0.63 (0.56–0.71)**
0.81 (0.71–0.92)**
0.81 (0.72–0.92)**
Almost every day
0.49 (0.38–0.64)**
0.66 (0.51–0.87)**
0.67 (0.52–0.88)**
Age (years)
65–69
1.00
1.00
1.00
70–74
1.23 (1.13–1.33)**
1.12 (1.03–1.21)*
1.10 (1.01–1.19)*
75–79
1.68 (1.55–1.82)**
1.29 (1.19–1.40)**
1.25 (1.16–1.36)**
80–84
2.32 (2.13–2.52)**
1.57 (1.43–1.71)**
1.50 (1.38–1.64)**
≥85
2.74 (2.48–3.02)**
1.65 (1.49–1.83)**
1.57 (1.42–1.75)**
Sex
Male
1.00
1.00
1.00
Female
0.95 (0.91–1.01)
0.79 (0.75–0.84)**
0.79 (0.75–0.84)**
Educational attainment (years)
≥13
1.00
1.00
1.00
10–12
1.04 (0.95–1.13)
0.99 (0.91–1.08)
0.98 (0.90–1.07)
6–9
1.37 (1.26–1.49)**
1.24 (1.14–1.35)**
1.22 (1.12–1.33)**
<6
1.86 (1.61–2.14)**
1.52 (1.31–1.75)**
1.47 (1.27–1.71)**
Equivalent income (yen)
≥250
1.00
1.00
1.00
1,500,000–2,500,000
1.07 (0.99–1.15)
1.01 (0.94–1.09)
1.00 (0.92–1.08)
<1,500,000
1.29 (1.20–1.40)**
1.08 (1.00–1.17)*
1.02 (0.94–1.10)
Present illness related to
No
1.00
1.00
Yes
1.59 (1.50–1.69)**
1.57 (1.48–1.67)**
Physical ability
Go upstairs without holding rail or wall
Yes
1.00
1.00
No
1.45 (1.36–1.53)**
1.44 (1.36–1.53)**
Stand up from the chair without any aids
Yes
1.00
1.00
No
2.02 (1.89–2.14)**
1.98 (1.86–2.11)**
Depression
No
1.00
1.00
Mild
1.79 (1.68–1.92)**
1.78 (1.66–1.90)**
Moderate to severe
2.72 (2.49–2.97)**
2.68 (2.45–2.93)**
Walking in min/day
≥30
1.00
1.00
<30
1.09 (1.03–1.15)**
1.09 (1.03–1.16)**
Frequency of outings
Almost every day
1.00
1.00
2-3 times a week
0.99 (0.93–1.06)
0.96 (0.90–1.03)
Once a week or less
1.11 (1.04–1.20)**
1.03 (0.96–1.11)
Neighborhood built environment
Parks and walkways for exercise
Yes
1.00
No
1.03 (0.97–1.09)
Difficult to walk on a slope or steps
Yes
1.00
No
0.74 (0.70–0.79)**
Population density (people per square kilometer)
Urban
1.00
Semiurban
1.23 (1.14–1.32)**
Rural
1.43 (1.35–1.53)**
OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; stroke, osteoporosis, joint disease/neuralgia, injury/fracture, mental illness, impaired vision, and impaired hearing. Model 1 is adjusted for age, sex, educational attainment, and equivalent income. Model 2 is adjusted for the covariates in Model 1 plus physical ability, depression, walking in minute/day, and frequency of outings. Model 3 is adjusted for the covariates in Model 2 plus neighborhood built environment and population density. , .
