Changing the Landscape of the HIV Epidemic among MSM in China: Results from Three Consecutive Respondent-Driven Sampling Surveys from 2009 to 2011

Table 2

Risk factors associated with recent HIV infection among MSM, 2009–2011 (recent HIV infection versus HIV negative, 𝑁=1253).

Variable	Recent infection % (𝑁)	OR (95% CI)	𝑃	AOR (95% CI)	𝑃
Age group in years
18–25	3.5 (16)	1.0
26–35	3.3 (17)	0.9 (0.5–1.9)	0.8227
36–71	4.4 (12)	1.2 (0.6–2.7)	0.5706
Education
College or above	3.1 (17)	1.0
High school or less	3.9 (28)	1.3 (0.7–2.3)	0.4575
Current marital status
Unmarried	3.1 (32)	1.0
Married	6.0 (13)	2.0 (1.0–3.9)	0.0386
Living with boyfriend
Yes	1.5 (4)	1.0
No	4.2 (41)	2.9 (1.0–8.1)	0.0453
Employment status
Employed	3.7 (44)	1.0
Unemployed	1.5 (1)	0.4 (0.1–2.9)	0.3600
Residence
Urban	3.6 (39)	1.0
Rural	3.5 (6)	1.0 (0.4–2.3)	0.9219
Years living in Beijing
>3	2.5 (18)	1.0		1.0
≤3	5.0 (27)	2.0 (1.1–3.7)	0.0221	2.1 (1.2–4.0)	0.0153
Mean monthly income (RMB), P12M
≥1000	3.6 (38)	1.0
<1000	3.7 (7)	1.0 (0.5–2.3)	0.9523
Have health insurance
Yes	3.2 (21)	1.0
No	4.0 (24)	1.2 (0.7–2.3)	0.4771
Self-reported sexual orientation
Others	4.1 (15)	1.0
Homosexual	3.4 (30)	0.8 (0.4–1.5)	0.5443
Self-reported preferred role in anal sex with men
Equally	4.6 (33)	1.0
Insertive	2.1 (7)	0.4 (0.2–1.0)	0.0487
Receptive	3.1 (5)	0.7 (0.3–1.7)	0.3875
No. of male sex partners, P6M
≤5	3.0 (30)	1.0
>5	5.9 (15)	2.0 (1.1–3.8)	0.0318
Type of most recent male partner, P6M
Regular	3.3 (25)	1.0
Casual	4.2 (20)	1.3 (0.7–2.3)	0.4473
Venues of founding/meeting last male partner, P6M
Internet/bar/massage/club	3.9 (33)	1.0
Bathhouse/sauna/park/public rest room	3.2 (12)	0.8 (0.4–1.6)	0.5326
Venues of sex with last male partner, P6M
Residence/bar/club/hotel	3.3 (36)	1.0
Bathhouse/sauna/park/public rest room	6.6 (9)	2.1 (1.0–4.4)	0.0553
Unprotected insertive anal sex with last male partner, P6M
No	2.7 (14)	1.0
Yes	3.8 (12)	1.4 (0.6–3.1)	0.3894
Unprotected receptive anal sex with last male partner, P6M
No	4.8 (18)	1.0
Yes	5.6 (16)	1.2 (0.6–2.3)	0.6490
Knew the HIV status of most recent male partner
Yes	3.1 (13)	1.0
No	3.9 (32)	1.3 (0.7–2.4)	0.4914
Disclosed HIV status to most recent male partner
Yes	3.4 (21)	1.0
No	4.0 (24)	1.2 (0.7–2.2)	0.5677
Bisexual
No	3.1 (32)	1.0		1.0
Yes	6.1 (13)	2.0 (1.1–4.0)	0.0339	2.1 (1.1–4.1)	0.0317
Ever had sex with a woman
Yes	4.1 (26)	1.0
No	3.1 (19)	0.7 (0.4–1.4)	0.3445
Had female sexual partner, P6M
Yes	3.1 (6)	1.0
No	3.7 (39)	1.2 (0.5–2.8)	0.7169
Unprotected sex with most recent female partner, P6M
No	4.4 (2)	1.0
Yes	2.8 (4)	0.6 (0.1–3.5)	0.5990
Received a test for HIV, P12M
Yes	3.4 (24)	1.0
No	3.9 (21)	1.2 (0.6–2.1)	0.5916
Received free condoms/lubricant, P12M
Yes	3.4 (33)	1.0
No	4.5 (12)	1.4 (0.7–2.7)	0.3725
Bought condoms, P12M
Yes	4.4 (31)	1.0
No	2.5 (14)	0.6 (0.3–1.1)	0.0768
Received free STD examination or treatment
Yes	3.8 (22)	1.0
No	3.4 (23)	0.9 (0.5–1.7)	0.7632
Received free VCT
Yes	3.9 (25)	1.0
No	3.2 (20)	0.8 (0.4–1.5)	0.4989
Main resource of knowledge of HIV/AIDS
Internet	3.4 (16)	1.0
Friend/relative/sex partner/peer education/TV/newspapers/; doctors/VCT/school education	3.7 (29)	1.1 (0.6–2.0)	0.7657
Smoking, P12M
No	3.7 (28)	1.0
Yes	3.5 (17)	0.9 (0.5–1.7)	0.8265
Negative attitudes towards safe sex (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.94,; range = 15–60, median = 20)	na	1.1 (1.0-1.1)	0.0006	1.1 (1.0-1.1)	0.0012
Current test syphilis positive
No	3.2 (34)	1.0
Yes	6.0 (11)	1.9 (1.0–3.9)	0.0639
Year
2009	3.1 (15)	1.0
2010	5.2 (19)	1.7 (0.8–3.4)	0.1351
2011	2.7 (11)	0.9 (0.4–1.9)	0.7018

∗RMB: renminbi, approximately US $0.15; P12M: in the past 12 months; P6M: in the past 6 months; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; AOR: adjusted odds ratio; NA: not applicable.