Synergistic Effects of Toxic Elements on Heat Shock Proteins

Table 1

Biomarkers proposed for environmental risk assessment.

Name of biomarker	Reference
Esterases	[130]
Polytene chromosomes of chironomids (Diptera)	[131]
HSP60, HSP70, alpha B-crystallin homologue, lipid peroxide, total glutathione level, ubiquitin, mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase, metallothionein, and cytochrome P450 2E homologue	[93, 122, 123]
Numbers of macrophages in liver tissue, changes in various blood parameters	[105]
Histological and ultrastructural markers, lysosomal membrane stability of coelomocytes, histidine	[51, 132]
Catalase activity	[78]
Metabonomics analysis using NMR techniques	[133]
P-glycoprotein, major vault protein, topoisomerase-II	[103]
Acetylcholinesterase inhibition and imposex	[134]
Digestive enzymes, glycolytic enzymes, and cellular energy allocation	[124]
Apoptosis in marine sponges and spiders	[135, 136]