Carum copticum L.: A Herbal Medicine with Various Pharmacological Effects

Table 2

Respiratory effects of C. copticum and its constituents thymol and carvacrol.

	Effect	Reference
C. copticum	Relaxant effect on tracheal smooth muscles	[20, 40]
	Inhibitory effect of C. copticum on histamine (H1) receptors	[22]
	Stimulatory effect on beta 2 adrenoceptors	[23]
	Antitussive effects	[26]
	Bronchodilatory effect	[20, 27]
Thymol	Increase of mucosa transfer due to ciliary motion	[28]
	Antispasmodic effect	[29]
Carvacrol	Relaxant effect	[30, 31, 40]
	Competitive antagonistic effect at histamine H1 receptors	[32]
	Stimulatory effect on 𝛽-adrenergic receptor	[33]
	Blocking effect at muscarinic receptors	[34]
	Inhibitory effect on secretion of TNF-𝛼 and IL-1𝛽 in porcine alveolar macrophage	[35, 37]
	Inhibitory effect on COX-1 and COX-2 and 5-lipoxygenase (anti-inflammatory effect)	[37]