Molecular Analysis of Ciprofloxacin Resistance Mechanisms in Malaysian ESBL-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolates and Development of Mismatch Amplification Mutation Assays (MAMA) for Rapid Detection of gyrA and parC Mutations

Table 2

Alterations in gyrA and parC genes detected by MAMA-PCR and confirmed by sequence analysis for selected isolates.

Total number of mutations	Number of isolates	Alterations detected by MAMA-PCR				Confirmation by sequencing (𝑛)
		gyrA		parC
		83	87	80	84	gyrA	parC
None	52	None	None	None	None	Wild type (7)	Wild type (7)
1	8	Mutation	None	None	None	Ser83Tyr (4)	ND
2	1	Mutation	Mutation	None	None	ND	ND
	14	Mutation	None	Mutation	None	Ser83Ile (8)	Ser80Ile (9), Ser80Arg (1)
	2	Mutation	None	None	Mutation	Ser83Ile (2)	Glu84Lys (2)
3	16	Mutation	Mutation	Mutation	None	Ser83Phe + Asp87Ala (4)	Ser80Ile (6)

ND: not done.