An Investigation of the Significance of Residual Confounding Effect

Table 1

Sufficient causes and their components for replicate 1.

Type of sufficient cause	Components (cut-off points)	Observed frequency for the 50,000 observations
A	𝑋17 (0.847), 𝑋50 (0.850)	421
B	𝑋7 (0.521), 𝑋29 (0.881), 𝑋53 (0.619)	515
C	𝑋18 (0.754), 𝑋20 (0.626), 𝑋21 (0.504), 𝑋38 (0.642), 𝑋91 (0.617)	741

As described in the simulation design and the appendix, the total number of sufficient causes and the components of each possible sufficient cause vary between replicates and are determined by independent random process (i.e., sufficient cause A has two components: 𝑋₁₇ and 𝑋₅₀; sufficient cause B has three components: 𝑋₇, 𝑋₂₉, and 𝑋₅₃).