New Insight into Adiponectin Role in Obesity and Obesity-Related Diseases

Table 1

Summary of Adiponectin as therapeutic target.

Compound	Category	Main results	Pubblications
	Caloric restriction	Increase of adiponectin serum levels.; Decrease of the ratio of TNF𝛼 to adiponectin.	Salas-Salvadó et al., 2006 [140], Weiss et al., 2006 [141]
	Long-term physical exercise	Small to moderate increase in adiponectin levels.; Short-term activity is not determinant.	Simpson and Singh, 2008 [142], Rokling-Andersen et al., 2007 [143]
	Caloric restriction + physical exercise	Increase of adiponectin serum levels.; Increase of mRNA of AdipoRs in muscle and adipose tissues, mRNA levels of Adiponectin in adipose tissues and in serum.	Rokling-Andersen et al., 2007 [143], Christiansen et al., 2010 [144]
Curcumin, capsaicin, and [6] gingerol	Adiponectin inducer	Promotion of adiponectin endogenous production.	Yamazaki et al., 2008 [145]
Synthetic and natural products	Adiponectin inducer	Anthocyanin enanches adiponectin secretion. Xanthohumol increases adiponectin levels and attenuates diabetes in mice. Rimonabant significantly elevates adiponectin and reduces waist circumference. Telmisartan increases plasma adiponectin levels. Benzafibrate increases adiponectin levels in adipocytes and in serum of mice. sulfatide increases adiponectin production in adipocytes. Catechins enhance the expression and secretion of adiponectin in dose and time dependent manner in adipocytes.	Tsuda et al., 2004 [146], Nozawa, 2005 [147], Moriuchi et al., 2007 [148], Hiuge et al., 2007 [149], Bruun et al., 2007 [150]
Metformin	Adiponectin inducer	Increase of adiponectin serum levels and reduction of BMI and insulin resistance.	Adamia et al., 2007 [151]
Statins	Adiponectin inducer	Increase of adiponectin levels.	Sahebkar, 2013 [152]
Thiazolidinedione (TZD)	Adiponectin inducer	Increase of AdipoRs receptors in adipocytes and macrophages.; Increase of adiponectin secretion from adipocytes and of both serum adiponectin concentration and ratio of HMW/total adiponectin.	Tsuchida et al., 2005 [153]; Phillips et al., 2008 [154]; M. Liu and F. Liu, 2009 [155]
fAdiponectin	Recombinant adiponectin	Correction of amino acids metabolism altered by high-fat diet.; Protection against injury in pig with myocardial ischemia-reperfusion through suppression of inflammation, apoptosis, and oxidative stress.	Liu et al., 2013 [156], Kondo et al., 2010 [157]
gAdiponectin	Recombinant adiponectin	Decrease of plasma free fatty acids levels in mice. Induction of weight reduction in mice on high/fat/sucrose diet.; Amelioration of atherosclerosis.	Fruebis et al., 2001 [31], Yamauchi et al., 2003 [158]
gAdiponectin fused to Fc fragment	Recombinant adiponectin	Improve of the fasting glucose levels and of the tolerance to glucose in mice.	Ge et al., 2010 [33]
ADP 355	AdipoRs agonist	Suppression of tumor growth in cancer cell lines and mice.	Otvos et al., 2011 [159]
Natural compounds library (9 compounds validated)	AdipoRs agonists	agonist demonstrated by in vitro tests.	Sun et al., 2013 [160]
AdipoRon	AdipoRs agonist	Amelioration of diabetes in genetically obese rodents and prolongation of the shortness life span of rodents on high-fat diet.	Okada-Iwabu et al., 2013 [161]