Molecular, Phenotypic Aspects and Therapeutic Horizons of Rare Genetic Bone Disorders

Figure 3

Schematic diagram of the pathogenesis of GSD. Lymphatic and blood endothelial cells (LECs), BECs, and macrophages (Mac) secrete TNFα that stimulate OB to release IL-6. Mac produces VEGF-C and -D that stimulate proliferation of LECs and BECs. Mac also produces VEGF-A, -C, and -D and IL-6 that directly stimulate osteoclast-mediated bone resorption.