Biologic Propensities and Phytochemical Profile of Vangueria madagascariensis J. F. Gmelin (Rubiaceae): An Underutilized Native Medicinal Food Plant from Africa

Table 9

Scavenging of reactive oxygen species and iron chelating activity (IC₅₀ values) of extracts and reference compounds.

Activity	Extract	IC50^a (µg /mL)		One way ANOVA
		Decoction extracts	Methanolic extracts	F	P value (post hoc)
HOCl	Leaf	235.55 ± 10.61	382.06 ± 4.35	682.92	>0.05
	Unripe fruit	275.27 ± 18.21^c	222.99 ± 3.15		>0.05
	Ripe fruit	982.44 ± 70.66^bc	418. 91 ± 39.22		<0.05*
	Seed	6656.35 ± 390.40^b	941.50 ± 120.40^b		<0.05*
^•OH	Leaf	289.04 ± 5.29^d	0.09 ± 0.04	3.03	<0.05*
	Unripe fruit	157.21 ± 1.19^cd	0.29 ± 0.08		<0.05*
	Ripe fruit	260.96 ± 4.29^cd	0.26 ± 0.02		<0.05*
	Seed	803.76 ± 23.72^d	22.43 ± 3.97		<0.05*
NO	Leaf	241.22 ± 34.74	43.22 ± 0.59^f	434.23	>0.05
	Unripe fruit	436.24 ± 2.99^c	91.36 ± 3.26		>0.05
	Ripe fruit	2367.36 ± 198.63^ce	219.14 ± 39.78		<0.05*
	Seed	6092.38 ± 443.32^e	1103.20 ± 11.80^e		<0.05*
Iron chelating^g	Leaf	2.52 ± 1.76^h	0.002 ± 0.0005	4.96	<0.05*
	Unripe fruit	0.95 ± 0.40	0.07 ± 0.03		>0.05
	Ripe fruit	0.57 ± 0.52	0.06 ± 0.04		>0.05
	Seed	0.25 ± 0.42	0.0009 ± 0.0003		>0.05

aIC₅₀ expressed as mean ± SD (𝑛=3). ^bValues significantly higher (P < 0.05) from ascorbic acid (400 µg/mL; IC₅₀ = 46.00 ± 2.35 µg/mL). ^cSignificant difference (P < 0.05) exists between unripe fruit and ripe fruit extracts within same extraction solvent. ^dValues significantly higher (P < 0.05) from α-tocopherol (400 µg/mL; IC₅₀ = 0.50 ± 0.11 µg/mL). ^eValues significantly higher (P < 0.05) from ascorbic acid (400 µg/mL; IC₅₀ = 546.54 ± 9.79 µg/mL). ^fValue significantly lower (P < 0.05) from ascorbic acid (400 µg/mL; IC₅₀ = 546.54 ± 9.79 µg/mL). ^gIC₅₀ values expressed in mg/mL. ^hValues significantly higher (P < 0.05) from EDTA (400 µg/mL; IC₅₀ = 0.001 ± 0.0003 µg/mL). *P < 0.05 is considered as statistically significant (post hoc Tukey HSD).