Intestinal Parasites of Owned Dogs and Cats from Metropolitan and Micropolitan Areas: Prevalence, Zoonotic Risks, and Pet Owner Awareness in Northern Italy
Table 4
Prevalence (%) and 95% CI (min–max) of intestinal parasites in dogs and cats by individual features and management.
Parasites
Gender
Age
Housing
Husbandry
Male
Female
≤12 months
>12 months
Household
Outdoor
Single
Multiple
Dogs
Toxocara canis
13.79
7.61
20.65**
3.45**
10.71
16.67
10.81
18.18
(7.52–20.07)
(2.19–13.03)
(12.38–28.92)
(0.13–6.77)
(2.61–18.81)
(8.70–24.64)
(3.74–17.88)
(8.88–27.48)
Toxascaris leonina
0.86
1.09
1.09
0.86
0
2.38
1.35
1.52
(0–2.54)
(0–3.21)
(0–3.21)
(0–2.54)
—
(0–5.64)
(0–3.98)
(0–4.47)
Ancylostomatidae
3.45
3.26
3.26
3.45
1.79
5.95
0**
9.09**
(0.13–6.77)
(0–6.89)
(0–6.89)
(0.13–6.77)
(0–5.26)
(0.89–11.01)
—
(2.15–16.03)
Trichuris vulpis
5.17
8.70
3.26
9.48
5.36
9.52
2.70*
13.64*
(1.14–9.20)
(2.94–14.45)
(0–6.89)
(4.15–14.81)
(0–11.26)
(3.24–15.80)
(0–6.39)
(5.36–21.92)
Eucoleus aerophilus
0
1.09
0
0.86
0
0
0
0
—
(0–3.21)
—
(0–2.54)
—
—
—
—
Dipylidium caninum
1.72
2.17
2.17
1.72
5.36
1.19
2.70
3.03
(0–4.09)
(0–5.15)
(0–5.15)
(0–4.09)
(0–11.26)
(0–3.51)
(0–6.39)
(0–7.17)
Cystoisospora sp.
3.45
5.43
8.70**
0.86**
10.71*
2.38*
5.41
6.06
(0.13–6.77)
(0.80–10.07)
(2.94–14.45)
(0–2.54)
(2.61–18.81)
(0–5.64)
(0.26–10.56)
(0.30–11.82)
Giardia duodenalis
21.55
18.48
27.17*
14.66*
26.79
21.43
22.97
24.24
(14.07–29.03)
(10.55–26.41)
(18.08–36.26)
(8.22–21.09)
(15.19–38.39)
(12.65–30.21)
(13.39–32.55)
(13.90–34.58)
Overall prevalence
44.83
38.04
55.43**
29.31**
50
44.83
40.54*
57.58*
(35.78–53.88)
(28.12–47.96)
(45.28–65.59)
(21.03–37.59)
(36.90–63.15)
(25.58–64.08)
(29.35–51.73)
(45.66–69.50)
Cats
Toxocara cati
12.90
12.31
19.67*
6.06*
23.68
20.69
19.35
25.00
(4.56–21.25)
(4.32–20.29)
(9.70–29.65)
(0.30–11.82)
(10.16–37.20)
(5.95–35.43)
(5.44–33.26)
(10.85–39.15)
Toxascaris leonina
3.23
6.15
9.84**
0**
2.63*
17.24*
9.68
8.33
(0–7.62)
(0.31–12.00)
(2.36–17.31)
—
(0–7.72)
(3.49–30.99)
(0–20.09)
(0–17.36)
Ancylostomatidae
1.61
0
1.64
0
2.63
0
0
2.78
(0–4.75)
—
(0–4.83)
—
(0–7.72)
—
—
(0–8.15)
Trichuris vulpis
1.61
0
0
1.52
0
3.45
0
2.78
(0–4.75)
—
—
(0–4.46)
—
(0–10.09)
—
(0–8.15)
Dipylidium caninum
3.23
1.54
0
4.55
7.89
0
3.23
5.56
(0–7.62)
(0–4.53)
(0–9.57)
(0–16.46)
—
(0–9.45)
(0–13.05)
Spirometra sp.
1.61
0
1.64
0
0
0
0
0
(0–4.75)
—
(0–4.83)
—
—
—
—
—
Cystoisospora sp.
1.61
4.62
4.92
1.52
2.63
6.90
0
8.33
(0–4.75)
(0–9.72)
(0–10.34)
(0–4.46)
(0–7.72)
(0–16.12)
—
(0–17.36)
Toxoplasma-like
0
1.54
0
1.52
0
0
0
0
—
(0–4.53)
—
(0–4.46)
—
—
—
—
Giardia duodenalis
29.03
26.15
32.79
22.73
23.68
34.48
35.48
22.22
(17.73–40.33)
(15.47–36.84)
(21.01–44.57)
(12.62–32.84)
(10.16–37.20)
(17.18–51.78)
(18.64–52.32)
(8.64–35.80)
Overall prevalence
46.77
41.54
57.38**
31.82**
50
65.52
54.84
58.33
(34.35–59.19)
(29.56–53.52)
(44.97–69.79)
(20.58–43.06)
(34.10–65.90)
(48.22–82.82)
(37.32–72.36)
(42.22–74.44)
(CI) 95%: confidence interval of the prevalence.
**Chi-Square test. value < 0.01.
*Chi-Square test. value < 0.05.
