Neurotoxicants Are in the Air: Convergence of Human, Animal, and In Vitro Studies on the Effects of Air Pollution on the Brain

Table 2

Genetic polymorphisms and the effects of diesel exhaust.

	Gclm	FA	DE
MDA (nmol/g)	+/+	5.7 ± 0.2	21.2 ± 0.3**
	−/−	5.2 ± 0.3	35.4 ± 0.3^**,#
	+/−	9.7 ± 1.0	45.0 ± 0.7^**,#
IL-1β (pg/mL)	+/+	12.7 ± 1.6	31.1 ± 6.1**
	−/−	7.2 ± 0.3	42.6 ± 2.4**
	+/−	18.6 ± 0.7	78.5 ± 4.3^**,#

Male mice were exposed for 6 h to diesel exhaust (DE, 250–300 μg/m³) or filtered air (FA), and levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and of interleukin 1-beta (IL-1β) were measured in the olfactory bulb, as markers of oxidative stress (lipid peroxidation) and neuroinflammation, respectively. Results are the mean (±SE) with 𝑛=3. DE versus FA: **𝑃<0.01; 𝐺𝑐𝑙𝑚^+/+ versus 𝐺𝑐𝑙𝑚^−/− or 𝐺𝑐𝑙𝑚^+/−: ^#𝑃<0.05 (two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni test for multiple comparisons) (Costa et al., unpublished results).