Side Effects of Radiographic Contrast Media: Pathogenesis, Risk Factors, and Prevention

Table 1

Risk factors for the development of contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN).

Nonmodifiable risk factors	Modifiable risk factors
Advanced age (>65 years)	Large doses and multiple injections of contrast media
Preexisting impairment of renal function	Route of administration
Advanced congestive heart failure	Osmolality of contrast media
Diabetes mellitus	Severe dehydration
Multiple myeloma	Prolonged hypotension
Sepsis	Anemia
Compromised left ventricle systolic performance	Reduction of effective intravascular volume
Renal transplant	Concomitant use of nephrotoxic drugs
	Concomitant use of ACEi and/or ARBs

Abbreviations: ACEi: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARBs: angiotensin II receptor blockers.