The Role of Chemoattractant Receptors in Shaping the Tumor Microenvironment

Table 1

Chemoattractant GPCRs and ligands.

	Expression	Ligands	Functions	References
“Classical”
FPR
FPR1	Myeloid cells, lymphocytes; Tumor cells	Bacteria and host derived peptides	Chemotaxis and activation; Tumor growth, invasion, angiogenesis	[12, 13]
FPR2	Myeloid cells; Tumor cells	Bacteria and host derived peptides	Chemotaxis and activation; Antitumor defense, tumor invasion	[13]
FPR3	Monocytes, dendritic cells; Tumor cells	Synthetic and host derived peptides	Chemotaxis and activation; Tumor invasion	[13]
PAFR	Macrophages, polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and various tissue cells; Tumor cells	PAF	Chemotaxis and activation; Tumor growth and metastasis; inhibiting tumor angiogenesis	[14, 15]
C5aR	Neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, dendritic cells, mast cells, and various nonimmune cells; Tumor cells	C5a	Chemotaxis and activation; Tumor metastasis; opposite function in angiogenesis	[16–18]
LTB4R
BLT1	Neutrophils, macrophages, T lymphocytes; Tumor cells	LTB4	Chemotaxis and activation; Tumor growth	[19]
BLT2	Most human tissues cells and leukocytes; Tumor cells	LTB4	Chemotaxis and activation; Tumor growth, metastasis	[19]
“Chemokine”
CCR
CCR1	Monocytes, neutrophils, T lymphocytes, dendritic cells; Tumor cells	CCL3/4/6/7/8/9/10/14/15/16/23	Chemotaxis and activation; Tumor growth, metastasis, angiogenesis	[20]
CCR2	Monocytes, basophils, T lymphocytes, dendritic cells, NK cells, endothelial cells; Tumor cells	CCL2/7/8/11/13/16	Chemotaxis and activation; Tumor growth, metastasis, angiogenesis	[21, 22]
CCR3	Eosinophils, basophils, Th2 lymphocytes, mast cells; Tumor cells	CCL7/11/13/15/24/26/28	Chemotaxis and activation; Tumor growth, metastasis	[23]
CCR4	Macrophages, monocytes, basophils, T and B lymphocytes, dendritic cells, NK cells, mast cells, platelets; Tumor cells	CCL2/4/5/17/22	Chemotaxis and activation; Tumor growth, metastasis, angiogenesis	[24]
CCR5	Macrophages, T lymphocytes, dendritic cells, NK cells; Tumor cells	CCL3/4/5/7/11/13/16	Chemotaxis and activation; Tumor growth, metastasis, angiogenesis	[25, 26]
CCR6	Neutrophils, T and B lymphocytes, dendritic cells, epithelial cells of some tissues; Tumor cells	CCL20	Chemotaxis and activation; Tumor growth, metastasis	[27, 28]
CCR7	T and B lymphocytes, dendritic cells; Tumor cells	CCL19/21	Lymphoid tissue chemotaxis and activation; Tumor growth, metastasis	[29, 30]
CCR8	Macrophages, Th2 lymphocytes, endothelial cells; Tumor cells	CCL1/16	Chemotaxis and activation; Tumor metastasis	[31, 32]
CCR9	T lymphocytes; Tumor cells	CCL25	Small intestinal specific chemotaxis and activation; Tumor growth, metastasis; inhibiting tumor metastasis in some tumors	[33, 34]
CCR10	T lymphocytes; Tumor cells	CCL27/28	Skin-specific chemotaxis and activation; Tumor growth, metastasis, angiogenesis	[35, 36]
CXCR
CXCR1	Neutrophils, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, endothelial cells; Tumor cells	CXCL6/8	Chemotaxis and activation; Tumor growth, metastasis, angiogenesis	[37–39]
CXCR2	Neutrophils, basophils, T lymphocytes, oligodendrocytes, endothelial cells; Tumor cells	CXCL1/2/3/5/6/8	Chemotaxis and activation; Tumor growth, metastasis, angiogenesis	[40, 41]
CXCR3	Macrophages, T lymphocytes, NK cells, NKT cells, endothelial cells; Tumor cells	CXCL4/9/10/11	Chemotaxis and activation; Two variants CXCR3-A and CXCR3-B have opposite function in tumor progression	[42, 43]
CXCR4	Numerous cell types: hematopoietic cells and stem cells; Tumor cells	CXCL12	Chemotaxis and activation; Maintenance of stem phenotype; Tumor growth, metastasis, angiogenesis	[1, 44]
CXCR5	T and B lymphocytes; Tumor cells	CXCL13	Chemotaxis and activation; Tumor growth, metastasis; inhibiting tumor metastasis in some tumors	[45, 46]
CXCR6	T and B lymphocytes, NK cells, NKT cells, plasma cells; Tumor cells	CXCL16	Chemotaxis and activation; Tumor growth, metastasis, angiogenesis; inhibiting tumor migration in some tumors	[47]
CXCR7	T and B lymphocytes, dendritic cells, endothelial cells, fetal hepatocytes; Tumor cells	CXCL11/12	Chemotaxis and activation; Tumor growth, metastasis, angiogenesis; assisting with CXCR4 to regulate tumor progression	[48–50]
CX3CR
CX3CR1	Monocytes, T and B lymphocytes, mast cells, dendritic cells, NK cells; Tumor cells	CX3CL1	Chemotaxis and activation; Tumor growth, metastasis; inhibiting tumor invasion in some tumors	[51, 52]
XCR
XCR1	Neutrophils, T lymphocytes, dendritic cells; Tumor cells	XCL1/2	Chemotaxis and activation; Tumor cell growth, metastasis	[53]