BioMed Research International

Review Article

The Role of Chemoattractant Receptors in Shaping the Tumor Microenvironment

Table 3

The functions of chemoattractant GPCRs expressed by tumor cells.
GPCRsTumorFunctionReferences
FPR   
 FPR1Colorectal cancerInvasion[158]
Gastric cancerInvasion[159]
GlioblastomaGrowth, invasion, vasculogenesis, angiogenesis[160–163]
 FPR2Gastric cancerInvasion[159]
Ovarian cancerInvasion[164]
 FPR3Gastric cancerInvasion[159]
PAFRBreast cancerMigration, proliferation, angiogenesis[165]
MelanomaMetastasis[166]
Ovarian cancerProliferation, invasion[167]
C5aRBile duct cancer, colorectal cancerInvasion[168]
Non-small-cell lung cancerMetastasis[169]
LTB4R   
 BLT1Colorectal cancerProliferation[170]
 BLT2Bladder cancerMetastasis, antiapoptosis[171, 172]
Breast cancerMetastasis[173]
Pancreatic cancerGrowth, migration[174, 175]
Prostate cancerAntianoikis, antiapoptosis[176, 177]
Ovarian cancerMetastasis[178]
CCR   
 CCR1Breast cancerInvasion[179]
GliomaProliferation, tumorigenesis[180]
Hepatocellular carcinomaMigration, invasion[181, 182]
Oral squamous cell carcinoma Migration[183]
Ovarian cancerInvasion[184]
 CCR2Bladder cancerMigration, invasion[185]
Breast cancerMigration, proliferation, antiapoptosis[186]
Hepatocellular carcinomaMigration, invasion[181]
Multiple myelomaGrowth[187]
Ovarian cancerInvasion, adhesion, proliferation[188, 189]
Prostate cancerProliferation, migration, invasion[190, 191]
 CCR3LymphomaGrowth[192]
GliomaProliferation, tumorigenesis[180]
Oral squamous cell carcinoma Migration, invasion[183]
Ovarian cancerInvasion, proliferation[184, 189]
Renal cell carcinomaGrowth, dissemination[193]
 CCR4Breast cancerGrowth, metastasis, angiogenesis[139, 194]
Colorectal cancerMigration[195]
Gastric cancerMigration[196]
MelanomaMetastasis[197]
Squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neckMetastasis[198]
 CCR5Breast cancerProliferation, metastasis[25, 199–202]
Colorectal cancerGrowth[203]
Gastric cancerMetastasis[204]
GliomaProliferation, tumorigenesis[180]
Hodgkin lymphomaGrowth, metastasis[205]
Oral cancerMigration[206]
Ovarian cancerInvasion, proliferation[189]
 CCR6Colorectal cancerProliferation, metastasis[207, 208]
Endometrial adenocarcinomaProliferation[27]
Hepatocellular carcinomaMetastasis[209, 210]
Non-small-cell lung cancerMetastasis[211]
Pancreatic cancerInvasion[212–214]
Squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neckMetastasis[215, 216]
 CCR7Breast cancerMetastasis, antianoikis[217, 218]
Colorectal cancerMetastasis[219, 220]
MelanomaGrowth, metastasis, tumorigenesis[221, 222]
Non-small-cell lung cancerProliferation, antiapoptosis, metastasis[29, 223–226]
Oral squamous cell carcinomaMetastasis[227]
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomaMetastasis[228]
Prostate cancerMetastasis[229]
Squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neckProliferation, antiapoptosis, metastasis, adhesion[230–236]
T cell lymphomaDissemination[237]
 CCR8Melanoma, breast cancer, leukemiaMetastasis[32]
 CCR9Breast cancerMigration, invasion[238]
Colorectal cancerInhibiting metastasis[239]
Ovarian cancerMigration, invasion[240]
Pancreatic cancerProliferation, invasion[34, 241]
Prostate cancerAntiapoptosis[242]
 CCR10MelanomaGrowth, metastasis[243, 244]
CXCR   
 CXCR1Breast cancerStem cell self-renewal[245]
Cervical carcinomaProliferation[246]
Colorectal cancerMetastasis, antiapoptosis, angiogenesis[247]
Gastric cancerInvasion[248]
GlioblastomaGrowth, migration, invasion[249, 250]
MelanomaGrowth, migration, invasion, angiogenesis, tumorigenesis[251–253]
Prostate cancerGrowth, angiogenesis[254]
Renal cell carcinomaGrowth, angiogenesis[37]
Thyroid carcinomaMetastasis[255]
 CXCR2Breast cancerMigration, invasion, stem cell self-renewal[245, 256, 257]
Cervical carcinomaProliferation[246]
Colorectal cancerProliferation, migration, invasion, angiogenesis[258–261]
Gastric cancerMetastasis[262, 263]
GlioblastomaGrowth, migration [249, 264]
MelanomaGrowth, migration, invasion, angiogenesis, tumorigenesis[251–253]
Nasopharyngeal carcinomaGrowth[265]
Non-small-cell lung cancerGrowth, metastasis, angiogenesis[266, 267]
Ovarian cancerGrowth, angiogenesis[268]
Pancreatic cancerInvasion, angiogenesis[269]
Prostate cancerGrowth, angiogenesis[254]
Renal cell carcinomaGrowth, angiogenesis[37]
Thyroid carcinomaMetastasis[255]
 CXCR3Breast cancerMetastasis; inhibiting growth[270–273]
Colorectal cancerMetastasis[274]
Glioma Growth[275, 276]
Lung adenocarcinomaMetastasis[226]
MelanomaMigration[277]
 MyelomaInhibiting/promoting proliferation and apoptosis[43]
 Ovarian cancerGrowth, metastasis[278]
 Prostate cancerMetastasis[279]
 Renal cell carcinomaGrowth, metastasis[280, 281]
 CXCR4At least 23 haematopoietic and solid cancersGrowth, metastasis, angiogenesis[1, 44]
 CXCR5Breast cancerMetastasis[282]
Colorectal cancerGrowth, migration[283]
NeuroblastomaInhibiting/promoting metastasis[45, 284]
Prostate cancerProliferation, invasion, migration, adhesion[285–288]
 CXCR6Colorectal cancerGrowth, migration, invasion[289]
Hepatocellular carcinomaGrowth, metastases, angiogenesis[3]
MelanomaStem cell self-renewal[290]
Nasopharyngeal carcinomaMetastasis[291]
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomaInvasion[292]
Prostate cancerProliferation, metastasis[293–295]
Renal cell carcinomaInhibiting migration[296]
 CXCR7Breast cancerInhibiting invasion; growth, angiogenesis[297]
Cervical carcinomaGrowth, adhesion[298]
GliomaGrowth, migration, sphere and tube formation[49, 299]
Hepatocellular carcinomaGrowth, metastasis, angiogenesis[300, 301]
LymphomaGrowth, adhesion[298]
Nasopharyngeal carcinomaMetastasis[291]
NeuroblastomaInhibiting growth; metastasis[50, 302]
CX3CR   
 CX3CR1Epithelial ovarian carcinomaProliferation, migration, adhesion[303]
GliomaInhibiting invasion[304]
NeuroblastomaMigration[305]
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomaMigration[306, 307]
Prostate cancerMetastasis[308–310]
Renal cell carcinomaMetastasis[311]
XCR   
 XCR1Epithelial ovarian carcinomaProliferation, metastasis[312]
Oral squamous cell carcinomaProliferation, migration, invasion[313]