The Role of Chemoattractant Receptors in Shaping the Tumor Microenvironment

Table 4

Chemoattractant GPCRs associated with tumor metastasis.

Tumor type	GPCRs	Ligands	Metastatic sites
Bladder cancer	BLT2	LTB4	Lung [171]
	CCR2	CCL2	Lung [329]
	CXCR6	CXCL16	Perineural and lymphovascular invasion [330]
Breast cancer	BLT2	LTB4	Lung [173]
	CCR2	CCL2	Lung [85, 148], bone [148]
	CCR4	CCL17/22	Lung [139, 194, 331]
	CCR5	CCL5	Lung [200, 201], lymph node [25, 332]
	CCR6		Pleura [333]
	CCR7	CCL19/21	Lymph node [218, 334–337]
			Skin [333]
	CCR8	CCL1	Lymph node [32]
	CCR9	CCL25	Lymph nodes and gastrointestinal tract [238]
	CXCR1	CXCL8	Bone [338, 339]
	CXCR2		Lung [340], bone [341]
	CXCR3	CXCL9	Lung [342]
		CXCL10	Bone [343], lung [344]
	CXCR4	CXCL12	Lymph node [328, 336, 337, 345], bone [346–348], lung [328, 346, 349], liver [333]
	CXCR5	CXCL13	Lymph node [282]
	CXCR6	CXCL16	Lymph node [350]
	CXCR7	CXCL12	Lung, greater omentum, and lymph nodes [351]
	CX3CR1		Brain [333]
Cervical cancer	CXCR4	CXCL12	Lymph node [352]
	CXCR4/7	CXCL12	Lymph node [353, 354]
Colorectal cancer	CCR1	CCL7/9/15	Liver [355–357]
	CCR2	CCL2	Liver [151, 358], lung [359]
		CCL7	Liver [356]
	CCR3	CCL7	Liver [356]
	CCR5	CCL5	Liver and lung [203]
	CCR6	CCL20	Liver [207, 360]
	CCR7	CCL21	Lymph node [219, 220, 361]
	CXCR1/2		Liver [247]
	CXCR2	CXCL1	Lymph node [261], liver [362]
		CXCL8	Skin [363]
	CXCR3	CXCL9	Lymph node [364]
		CXCL10	Lymph node [364], lung [365]
		CXCL11	Lung [365]
	CXCR6	CXCL16	Liver [289, 366]
	CXCR4	CXCL12	Liver [367–370], lymph node [371, 372], brain [373]
Esophageal cancer	CCR7	CCL21	Lymph node [374–376]
	CXCR2		Lymph node [377]
	CXCR4	CXCL12	Lung [378, 379], liver [378, 379], lymph node [378, 380], peritoneum [379], retroperitoneum [379]
Gastric cancer	FPR1/2/3	Annexin A1	Peritoneum [159]
	CCR2	CCL2	Lymph node [381]
	CCR4	CCL17	Lymph node, lung, and bone [194]
	CCR5	CCL5	Lymph node [204]
	CCR7		Lymph node [30, 382, 383]
	CXCR2	CXCL1	Lymph node [262]
	CXCR4	CXCL12	Lymph node [382, 384–387], peritoneum [388–390], liver [387]
Glioma	CXCR4/7	CXCL12	Bone marrow [299]; Lymph node, distant organs [391]
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma	CCR4	CCL22	Lymph node [198]
	CCR6	CCL20	Lymph node [216, 392]
	CCR7	CCL19/21	Lymph node [227, 230–232, 393]
	CXCR2	CXCL1/8	Lymph node [394, 395]
	CXCR4	CXCL12	Lymph node [393, 396], lung [397, 398]
	CXCR5	CXCL13	Bone [399]
	XCR1	XCL1	Lymph node [313]
Hepatocellular carcinoma	CCR7		Intrahepatic metastasis, lymph node [400]
	CXCR4	CXCR12	Lung [401], bone [402, 403], lymph node [404]
	CXCR6	CXCL16	Lung [3]
	CXCR7	CXCL12	Lung [300, 405]
Lymphoma	CCR7	CCL21	Lymph node [237]
Leukemia	CCR8	CCL1	Lymph node [32]
	CXCR4	CXCL12	Extramedullary sites (liver, kidney, spleens, and peripheral blood) [406]
Melanoma	FPR1/2/3	Annexin A1	Lung [407]
	PAFR	PAF	Lung [166, 408, 409]
	CCR2	CCL2	Lung [410]
	CCR3		Brain [411]
	CCR4	CCL22	Brain [197, 411]
	CCR5	CCL4	Lung [412, 413]
	CCR7	CCL21	Lymph node [221, 222, 244, 414], liver [415]
	CCR8	CCL1	Lymph node [32]
	CCR9	CCL25	Small intestinal [416, 417]
	CCR10	CCL27	Skin [243, 244]
	CXCR2	CXCL8	Lung [418]
	CXCR3	CXCL10	Lymph node [419, 420], bone [421]
	CXCR4	CXCL2	Lung [244, 422–424]
Neuroblastoma	CXCR3	CXCL10	Bone marrow [425]
	CXCR4	CXCL12	Bone [426–428], liver [429, 430], kidney [430], bone marrow [428, 430]
	CXCR5	CXCL13	Bone marrow [284]
	CXCR4/7	CXCL12	Bone marrow [302]
	CX3CR1	CX3L1	Bone marrow [305]
Non-small-cell lung cancer	C5aR		Lymph node [169]
	CCR4	CCL22	Bone [431]
	CCR6	CCL20	Adrenal specific metastasis [211]
	CCR7	CCL19/21	Lymph node [29, 226, 432]
	CXCR2	CXCL5	Hilar and mediastinal lymph nodes, chest wall, and contralateral lung; extrathoracic distant metastases (para-aortic lymph nodes, liver, adrenal glands, kidneys, spleen, and diaphragm) [266]
	CXCR4	CXCL12	Lungs, liver, bone marrow, adrenal glands [433], pleural [434], brain [433, 435]
	CX3CR1		Brain and liver [436]
Osteosarcoma	CCR7	CCL21	Lymph node [334]
	CXCR3	CCL9/10/11	Lung [437]
	CXCR4	CXCL12	Lung [438]
	CXCR7	CXCL12	Lung [439]
Ovarian carcinoma	BLT2		Diaphragm, intestine, and mesentery (intraperitoneal dissemination) [178]
	CCR3	CCL5	Liver, bowel, and spleen [184]
	CCR9	CCL25	Small intestinal [440]
	CXCR4	CXCL12	Pelvic [441], lymph node [442, 443], peritoneum [444]
	CXCR6	CXCL16	Lymph node [443]
	XCR1	XCL1/2	Diaphragm, peritoneal wall, colon, spleen, and liver [312], peritoneum [312]
Pancreatic cancer	CCR2	CCL2	Liver [92, 445], peritoneal [445]
	CCR7	CCL21	Lymph node [228, 446]
	CXCR4/7	CXCL12	Liver [447, 448], lung [448], lymph node [449]
Prostate cancer	CCR2	CCL2	Bone [450]
	CCR7	CCL21	Lymph node [229]
	CXCR1/2	CXCL8	Lymph node [451]
	CXCR3	CXCL4/10	Lymph node, liver, lung, adrenal [279]
	CXCR4	CXCL12	Bone [133, 452, 453]
	CXCR5	CXCL13	Bone [288]
	CXCR6	CXCL16	Bone [133, 294, 453], liver [294]
	CX3CR1	CX3CL1	Bone [310]
Renal cell carcinoma	CCR1/3	CCL15	Bone [454]
	CCR5	CCL3	Lung [326]
Thyroid papillary cancer	CCR7	CCL21	Lymph node [455, 456]
	CXCR1/2	CXCL8	Lymph node [255]
	CXCR4		Lymph node [455, 457, 458]
	CXCR7		Lymph node [459]