Evaluation of Antibacterial, Antifungal, and Antioxidant Activities of Safflower Natural Dyes during Flowering

Table 4

Antioxidant capacity of natural quinochalcones of C. tinctorius flowers during flowering.

Flowering stage	Antioxidant activity
	FRAP^A		DPPH^B		Chelating power^C
	Precar	Carth	Precar	Carth	Precar	Carth
Bu	103.23 ± 0.47^a	102.23 ± 0.08^d	2.25 ± 1.02^c	1.56 ± 0.17^a	11.09 ± 0.04^c	10.99 ± 0.22^a
F	98.26 ± 0.01^b	210.33 ± 0.25^c	2.98 ± 0.25^b	1.23 ± 0.19^b	11.01 ± 0.03^c	9.23 ± 0.17^c
FF	86.27 ± 0.10^c	500.29 ± 0.11^b	3.25 ± 0.58^a	1.02 ± 0.44^c	11.87 ± 0.07^b	9.55 ± 0.89^b
Se	56.22 ± 0.03^d	589.27 ± 0.19^a	3.58 ± 0.28^a	0.86 ± 0.11^d	12.02 ± 0.10^a	8.02 ± 0.27^d
Synthetic antioxidants
BHT			16.00 ± 0.02
EDTA					100.00 ± 0.01
Blank	52.11 ± 0.01

Precar: precarthamin; Carth: carthamin. Bu: bud formation, F: flower formation, FF: full flowering, and Se: seed formation. ^AThe FRAP values were expressed in TE μM/mL and ^B,CIC₅₀ values were expressed in 𝜇g/mL. Data are reported as means ± SD (𝑛=3) and compared to control (C). ANOVA is followed by Duncan multiple range test (𝑃<0.05). Values in the same column with different superscripts (a–d) are significantly different at 𝑃<0.05.