Evaluation of Antibacterial, Antifungal, and Antioxidant Activities of Safflower Natural Dyes during Flowering

Table 5

Antibacterial and antifungal capacities of carthamin isolated from C. tinctorius flowers during flowering.

Flowering stages

Bacterial strains

Yeast strains

𝐵𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑠𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑢𝑠; ATCC 14759

methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

E. coli ATCC 25218

Staphylococcus aureus; ATCC 25923

Pseudomonas aeruginosa; ATCC 27853

𝐶𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑎𝑙𝑏𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑠

IZ

MIC

IZ

MIC

IZ

MIC

IZ

MIC

IZ

MIC

IZ

MIC

Bu

15.02 ± 0.11^d

151 ± 0.92^d

8.23 ± 0.47^d

199 ± 0.27^d

22.44 ± 0.22^c

143 ± 0.36^d

nd

nd

14.02 ± 0.23^b

163 ± 0.58^d

9.20 ± 0.05^c

229 ± 0.71^d

F

19.01 ± 0.09^c

145 ± 0.84^d

12.03 ± 0.55^c

155 ± 0.12^d

24.88 ± 0.10^b

140 ± 0.77^d

6 ± 0.22^b

210 ± 0.64^d

13.22 ± 0.56^c

166 ± 0.88^d

10.22 ± 0.36^b

227 ± 0.86^d

FF

20.05 ± 0.04^b

142 ± 0.88^d

16.52 ± 0.08^b

149 ± 0.22^d

25.50 ± 0.04^a

140 ± 0.53^d

7.04 ± 0.55^a

215 ± 0.13^d

14.98 ± 0.47^b

162 ± 0.84^d

10.89 ± 0.55^b

225 ± 0.19^d

Se

22.03 ± 0.55^a

144 ± 0.70^d

18.56 ± 0.58^a

147 ± 0.55^d

25.89 ± 0.00^a

138 ± 0.99^d

7.69 ± 0.03^a

215 ± 0.55^d

15.23 ± 0.89^a

160 ± 0.55^d

12.03 ± 0.66^a

222 ± 0.33^d

Synthetic standards

Gentamicin

22

25

28

35

23

—

Nystatin

—

—

—

—

—

25

Bu: bud formation, F: flower formation, FF: full flowering, and Se: seed formation. nd: not detected. Data are reported as means ± SD (𝑛=3) and compared to control (C). ANOVA is followed by Duncan multiple range test (𝑃<0.05). Values in the same column with different superscripts (a–d) are significantly different at 𝑃<0.05.