The Antihyperglycemic Effects of Rhizoma Coptidis and Mechanism of Actions: A Review of Systematic Reviews and Pharmacological Research

Table 3

Summary of other effects of berberine and the mechanism of action [62–76].

Effects	Experimental model	Mechanism of action
Antioxidative effects	Type 2 diabetic rats	Reduced oxidative stress [62]
Hypolipidemic effects	Wistar rats	Decreased blood FFA level and enhanced the activity of lipoprotein lipase [63]
	Type 2 diabetic rats	Increased PPARs and P-TEFb mRNA and protein expression in the adipose tissue. Restored SOD and LPL activity and normalized malondialdehyde, FFA, TNF-α, and adiponectin levels [64]
	3T3-L1 adipocytes	Increased glucose transport and consumption in 3T3-L1 adipocytes [65]
	3T3-L1 adipocytes	Modulated metabolism-related PPARs expression and differentiation-related P-TEFb expression in adipocytes [66]
	3T3-L2 adipocytes	Activated adenosine monophosphate, activated protein kinase [67]
	Diabetic hyperlipidemic and normal rats	Modulated metabolism-related PPAR alpha/delta/gamma protein expression in the liver [68]
Anti-inflammatory actions	Type 2 diabetic rats	Regulated serum levels of inflammatory factors such as CRP, IL-6, TNF-α, and adiponectin [69]
Effects on renal injury	Glomerular mesangial cells	Inhibited NF-κB activation and the expression of its downstream inflammatory factors to improve ECM accumulation and alleviate inflammatory injury in diabetic kidney [70]
Prevention of diabetes complications	Type 2 diabetic rats	Enhanced vascular smooth muscle activity [71]
Renal protective effects	Rat glomerular mesangial cells	Reduced the accumulation of extracellular matrix components including fibronectin and prevented the activation of the p38 MAPK signaling pathway [72]
	Diabetic rats	Inhibited glycosylation and exhibited antioxidative effects [73]
	Diabetic C57BL/6 mice	Deactivated the SphK-S1P signaling pathway [74]
	Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats	Reduced oxidative stress and deactivated aldose reductase [75, 76]

SOD: superoxide dismutase; LPL: lipoprotein lipase; P-TEFb: positive transcription elongation factor b; CRP: C-reactive protein; IL-6: interleukin-6; NF-κb: nuclear transcription factor-κb; SphK: sphingosine kinase.