Gremlin Activates the Smad Pathway Linked to Epithelial Mesenchymal Transdifferentiation in Cultured Tubular Epithelial Cells
Figure 2
Stimulation with Gremlin induces a rapid activation of the Smad pathway in cultured human tubuloepithelial cells. HK2 cells were stimulated with Gremlin (50 ng/mL) for 15 minutes. The localization of R-Smad 3 (a) and 2 (b) and Smad 4 (c) was evaluated by confocal microscopy with FITC-secondary antibodies (green staining). Nuclei were stained with propidium iodide (I.P.) (red). In the merge, the yellow staining indicates the nuclear localization of Smad proteins. The results are representative of 3 independent confocal microscopy experiments.
