Abstract
We hypothesized that serum PTH might be associated with various clinicopathological parameters in multiple myeloma (MM). So we investigated the implications of serum PTH in MM patients and the relationship with other risk factors of MM. A total of 115 patients who were newly diagnosed with MM were enrolled. Serum PTH level was 24.7 ± 34.9 (ranged 0.0–284.1) pg/mL. Serum levels of IgG, IgM, FLC-lambda, albumin, and LDH were in positive correlation with serum PTH. Compared to non-high PTH (<68.3 pg/mL) group, the hazard ratio (HR) for overall survival was higher for group with high PTH level (≥68.3 pg/mL) (HR, 1.710). Furthermore, the patient group with high PTH level showed inferior progression-free survival than non-high PTH group (). Interestingly, subgroup analysis showed that serum PTH level at diagnosis was associated with risk factors and clinical outcome in MM patients, especially in complete remission group, transplantation cases, ISS stage II cases, and cases without chromosome abnormality. In conclusion, this study showed that blood PTH level in MM at diagnosis was associated with risk factors and clinical outcome in MM patients.
1. Introduction
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is synthesized and secreted by the chief cells of the parathyroid gland. PTH has a positive impact on hematopoietic stem cells by indirectly decreasing hematopoietic cell apoptosis and is currently being investigated as a potential therapeutic remedy to stimulate hematopoiesis and enhance bone marrow engraftment [1–4].
According to the previous study [5], it was hypothesized that elevated PTH may mediate the induction of multiple myeloma (MM) through the downstream biologic effects of interleukin 6 (IL-6). Meanwhile, PTH stimulates stromal-osteoblastic cells to secrete IL-6 [6]. Because this cytokine plays a key role in the development of plasma cell dyscrasias [7], high PTH levels may facilitate the emergence and growth of a plasma cell clone [8].
However, there were a limited number of studies regarding the relationship between serum PTH level and its clinicopathological implications in MM until now. Additionally, pathobiology of MM suggests that serum PTH level might be associated with clinical consequences of MM patients. So we addressed the possible relationship between serum PTH level and pathophysiology of MM patients with other various clinical parameters. This study presents data which showed the prognostic implications of serum PTH in MM patients and their relationship with other risk factors of MM.
2. Materials and Methods
A total of 115 patients who were newly diagnosed with MM were enrolled between 2006 and 2012. MM was diagnosed based on the clinical, laboratory, and radiologic findings. The details of diagnostic criteria were as follows: monoclonal protein in serum or urine, bone marrow clonal plasma cells or plasmacytoma, and the evidence of related organ or tissue impairment (hypercalcemia, renal insufficiency, anemia, and bone lesions).
Serum PTH level was measured at the time of the diagnosis by automated 2-site chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay of AxSYM system (Abbott Diagnostics, IL, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
Chromosome analysis was performed on G-banded preparations from 48 hour bone marrow cell cultures without adding mitogens. The chromosome aberrations were described according to the International System for Cytogenetic Nomenclature 2005 and 2009. In additional to conventional cytogenetic analysis, fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) was applied in appropriate bone marrow specimens using 13q14.3, 13q24, and 17p13.1 (p53) deletion probes and 14q32 (IGH) break apart probe (Vysis, Des Plaines, IL, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
In addition to serum PTH, other clinical parameters were reviewed for age, sex, plasma cell percentage in bone marrow, serum monoclonal protein, immunoglobulin (Ig) level, free light chain (FLC)—kappa and lambda, FLC ratio, calcium, creatinine, hemoglobin (Hb), albumin, beta-2 microglobulin, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), international staging system (ISS) stage, international myeloma working group (IMWG) response, chromosome abnormality, bone lesion, treatment outcome, and so forth. The diagnostic criteria of MM, ISS stage, and the international myeloma working group (IMWG) response were based on the precedent review [9].
According to the serum PTH level at the time of MM diagnosis (cut-off; 68.3 pg/mL, reference range; 15–68.3 pg/mL), the study population was divided into non-high PTH group and high PTH group. Then, previously reviewed parameters of MM patients were compared between the two groups. In addition, the correlations of serum PTH level with other laboratory parameters of MM patients were examined.
The collected data were analyzed by PASW version 18.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). In detail, Spearman’s correlation analysis was performed to evaluate the association between various laboratory parameters with serum PTH level. Pearson’s chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test was performed to calculate the significance of association between PTH group and other parameters of discrete categorical variables including gender and IMWG response. Kruskall Wallis test or Mann Whitney test was used to compare serum PTH level according to categorical classification such as IMWG response or monoclonal protein subtype. Additionally, Mann Whitney test was performed to compare continuous variables such as age and laboratory data between non-high PTH and high PTH group.
Time dependent Cox regression analysis was used to dissect the individual impacts of prognostic factors of overall survival (OS) of MM patients. Kaplan-Meier estimation was used to plot survival curves, and log-rank tests were used to calculate the difference of OS and progression-free survival (PFS) between high PTH group and non-high PTH group. All tests were two-tailed and a value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
3. Results and Discussion
Serum PTH level of 115 myeloma patients was (ranged 0.0–284.1) pg/mL. The reference range of serum PTH was 15–68.3 pg/mL in our laboratory. Of the various laboratory data of MM patients, higher levels of bone marrow plasma cell percentage, monoclonal protein concentration, creatinine, beta-2 microglobulin, and lactate dehydrogenase were seen in high PTH group rather than non-high PTH group (Table 1). And calcium level was significantly different (, Figure 2(a)) by the comparison of laboratory data (continuous variables) between non-high PTH group and high PTH group (cut-off PTH level = 68.3 pg/mL, Mann Whitney test).
Previously, Arnulf et al. [8] reported that the prevalence of monoclonal gammopathy was high in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism compared to general population and that high PTH levels might facilitate the emergence of a plasma cell clone. This is consistent with above findings of higher levels of plasma cell percentage and monoclonal protein concentration in high PTH group.
On the other hand, male patient case, case with age of above 50 years, IgG kappa monoclonal protein type, bone lesion case, ISS stage III, and progressive disease case (by IMWG response criteria) occupied the main portion in both non-high PTH group and high PTH group (Table 1). Of the various clinical parameters, gender factor (male or female) revealed significant difference between non-high PTH group and high PTH group () (Table 1).
The serum levels of IgG, IgM, FLC-lambda, albumin, and LDH were in positive correlation with serum PTH. However, age, plasma cell percentage, monoclonal protein, IgA, FLC-kappa, FLC ratio, calcium, creatinine, Hb, and beta-2 microglobulin showed negative correlation with PTH (detailed data not shown). Among those above, IgM (rho = 0.190, ) and calcium (rho = −0.220, ) revealed statistically significant correlation with serum PTH (Figure 1). PTH may mediate the induction of multiple myeloma. Also, PTH can interact with other various chemokines, ligands, or hematopoietic niche. This process might influence the correlation. However, in terms of pathogenesis, the direct effect or meaning of correlation of PTH with IgM or calcium needs to be determined through further study.
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In addition, serum PTH level in MM patients was not significantly different according to IMWG response (), ISS stage (), monoclonal protein subtype (), FISH result (), and chromosome analysis result (). Meanwhile, there was no significant difference of PTH according to gender (), age (above 50 years or below 50 years, ), existence or nonexistence of clinical events including death (), disease progression (), bone lesion (), transplantation (), and chromosome abnormality ().
Then again, seven patients out of total 115 multiple myeloma patients did not receive treatment. Among 108 patients who were treated, 76 patients (70.4%) underwent a single set of treatment, while 32 patients (29.6%) were treated by multiple sets serially. In detail, CTD (cyclophosphamide, thalidomide, and dexamethasone) was the basic treatment modality in 48 patients, VCD (vincristine, cyclophosphamide, and dexamethasone) in 22 patients, MP (melphalan and prednisone) in 14 patients, and dexamethasone in 13 patients. And the therapeutic modalities were not significantly different between non-high PTH group and high PTH group.
According to Pirih et al. [1], PTH acts on bone marrow stromal cells to stimulate IL-6 production. Then, IL-6 synergizes with fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (Flt-3L), and it increases hematopoietic cell numbers. Namely, PTH acts with Flt-3L to maintain hematopoietic cells by limiting apoptosis. Also, Shiozawa et al. [10] showed that increasing the number of hematopoietic stem cell niche with PTH promoted metastasis, which means that hematopoietic stem cell niche served as a specific site where disseminated cells from original cancer gain footholds in the bone marrow.
Furthermore, the role of the bone marrow microenvironment in MM has been extensively studied in many models. The bone marrow provides signals that influence the behavior of MM cells (e.g., tumor cell growth, survival, and migration). And the cellular elements of the bone marrow (e.g., mesenchymal stem cells, osteoclasts, osteoblasts, and vascular endothelial cells) interact with MM cells directly or indirectly through secretion of stimulatory cytokines and chemokines such as IL-6 that induces survival, growth advantage, and drug resistance of MM [11, 12].
As the precedent study and reports mentioned above, the present study shows interesting results as well. Compared to non-high PTH (<68.3 pg/mL) group, the hazard ratio (HR) for overall survival was higher for the group with high PTH level (≥68.3 pg/mL) (HR, 1.710; ; 95% confidence interval, 0.050~58.212) (Table 2). With regard to the prognostic implication of serum PTH value, the high PTH group (≥68.3 pg/mL) showed moderate, more, inferior PFS than non-high PTH group (median, 5 months versus 13 months, ; Figure 3(b)).
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By contrast, Pennisi et al. [13] reported that in vivo PTH treatment indirectly attenuated MM progression by stimulating osteoblastogenesis and increasing osteoblast production of antimyeloma factors and by minimizing oxidative stress and inflammatory conditions in myelomatous bone. On the other hand, PTH receptors were not expressed by myeloma cells and PTH had no effect on myeloma cell growth in vitro. Therefore, it seems that the clinical and prognostic implication of serum PTH level in MM patients still remains a controversial topic.
Nevertheless, present study was not based on experimental findings but on the clinical and practical data of MM patients. In addition, following results of the present study are consistent with the report of Pirih et al. [1].
Although no OS differences were found between high PTH group and non-high PTH group (Figure 3(a)), subgroup analysis revealed that the patients with high serum PTH level significantly had an inferior PFS than those with non-high serum PTH level. In detail, the subgroup analysis of PFS (high PTH group versus non-high PTH group) were as follows: patients () who reached the complete remission (CR) state defined by IMWG response criteria at the end of the follow-up period (median, 3 months versus 41 months, ; Figure 3(c)), patients () who have undergone transplantation (median, 3 months versus 18 months, ; Figure 3(d)), patients () who belonged to ISS stage II (median, 1 month versus 15 months, ; Figure 3(e)), and patients () with no chromosome abnormalities (median, 4 months versus 15 months, , Figure 3(f)).
4. Conclusion
Serum PTH level at diagnosis was associated with risk factors and clinical outcome in MM patients, especially in CR group (IMWG response), transplantation case, ISS stage II, and case without having chromosome abnormality.
Conflict of Interests
The authors have no conflict of interests to declare.
Authors’ Contribution
Min-Gu Kang and Eun-Jeong Won contributed equally to this work.
Acknowledgments
This study was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) (grant no. 2011-0015304), the NRF Basic Science Research Program (Grant 2010–0024326), the Leading Foreign Research Institute Recruitment Program (no. 2011-0030034) through the NRF funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (MEST), and a Grant from the National R&D Program for Cancer Control, Ministry of Health & Welfare, Republic of Korea (no. 2013-1320070).