Foeniculum vulgare Mill: A Review of Its Botany, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Contemporary Application, and Toxicology

Table 3

Nutrient content of different parts of Foeniculum vulgare.

Composition	Contents
	Leaves	Inflorescences	Stems	Shoots
Moisture^a	76.36 ± 0.33	71.31 ± 4.01	77.46 ± 1.03	73.88 ± 0.83
Ash^a	3.43 ± 0.04	3.23 ± 0.02	1.62 ± 0.12	2.39 ± 0.02
Fat^a	0.61 ± 0.16	1.28 ± 0.28	0.45 ± 0.07	0.49 ± 0.05
Protein^a	1.16 ± 0.03	1.37 ± 0.05	1.08 ± 0.00	1.33 ± 0.04
Carbohydrates^a	18.44 ± 0.06	22.82 ± 3.06	19.39 ± 0.65	21.91 ± 0.55
Fructose^a	0.49 ± 0.05	1.10 ± 0.04	1.49 ± 0.04	1.51 ± 0.06
Glucose^a	0.76 ± 0.12	2.94 ± 0.11	3.43 ± 0.20	4.71 ± 0.15
Sucrose^a	0.04 ± 0.00	0.03 ± 0.00	nd	0.35 ± 0.06
Reducing sugars^a	0.72 ± 0.04	1.20 ± 0.19	1.49 ± 0.29	1.14 ± 0.10
𝜔3 fatty acid^b	43.72 ± 0.36	17.69 ± 0.01	23.04 ± 1.30	36.96 ± 0.51
𝜔6 fatty acid^b	23.25 ± 0.07	38.94 ± 0.23	38.22 ± 0.68	39.99 ± 0.68
𝜔6/𝜔3	0.53 ± 0.00	2.20 ± 0.01	1.66 ± 1.12	1.08 ± 0.03
C6:0^b	0.02 ± 0.00	0.41 ± 0.02	0.19 ± 0.01	0.06 ± 0.00
C8:0^b	0.08 ± 0.00	0.37 ± 0.01	0.48 ± 0.03	0.33 ± 0.00
C10:0^b	0.04 ± 0.00	0.09 ± 0.00	0.13 ± 0.01	0.06 ± 0.00
C11:0^b	0.25 ± 0.02	0.29 ± 0.01	0.04 ± 0.00	0.07 ± 0.00
C12:0^b	0.31 ± 0.02	0.43 ± 0.06	0.11 ± 0.01	0.21 ± 0.02
C14:0^b	1.43 ± 0.01	1.68 ± 0.10	0.49 ± 0.06	0.75 ± 0.03
C14:1^b	0.61 ± 0.04	0.28 ± 0.02	0.37 ± 0.04	0.17 ± 0.03
C15:0^b	0.17 ± 0.00	0.35 ± 0.03	0.41 ± 0.04	0.18 ± 0.00
C16:0^b	20.15 ± 0.09	23.89 ± 0.07	25.43 ± 0.00	12.78 ± 0.09
C17:0^b	0.74 ± 0.00	0.58 ± 0.02	0.61 ± 0.04	0.24 ± 0.02
C18:0^b	1.61 ± 0.08	2.62 ± 0.04	1.99 ± 0.06	1.53 ± 0.08
C18:1n9c^b	4.35 ± 0.37	5.05 ± 0.00	4.35 ± 0.52	2.55 ± 0.33
C18:2n6c^b	23.25 ± 0.07	38.94 ± 0.23	38.22 ± 0.68	39.99 ± 0.68
C18:3n3^b	43.55 ± 0.40	17.55 ± 0.0	22.86 ± 1.31	36.84 ± 0.52
C20:0^b	0.56 ± 0.00	1.78 ± 0.06	0.84 ± 0.03	1.06 ± 0.09
C20:1c^b	nd	0.26 ± 0.03	0.06 ± 0.00	nd
C20:2c^b	0.08 ± 0.01	0.31 ± 0.01	0.14 ± 0.00	0.38 ± 0.07
C20:3n3 + C21:0^b	0.16 ± 0.02	0.15 ± 0.01	0.19 ± 0.00	0.12 ± 0.01
C22:0^b	0.77 ± 0.04	1.52 ± 0.04	1.20 ± 0.03	1.12 ± 0.02
C23:0^b	0.82 ± 0.13	1.89 ± 0.11	0.68 ± 0.01	0.36 ± 0.15
C24:0^b	1.03 ± 0.04	1.58 ± 0.02	1.21 ± 0.02	1.20 ± 0.08
Total SFA^b	27.99 ± 0.02	37.47 ± 0.25	33.81 ± 0.06	19.95 ± 0.12
Total MUFA^b	4.96 ± 0.40	5.59 ± 0.13	4.78 ± 0.57	2.72 ± 0.36
Total PUFA^b	67.05 ± 0.42	56.94 ± 0.12	61.41 ± 0.62	77.33 ± 0.24
Energy^c	83.90 ± 1.34	108.23 ± 10.37	85.91 ± 3.02	97.37 ± 2.44

aNutrients composition (g/100 g), ^b𝜔3 and 𝜔6 and fatty acid content (percent), and ^cenergetic value (Kcal/100 g) of the different parts of fennel. nd: not detected. Values are expressed as mean ± SD, 𝑛=3 experiments in each group [14].