| Sr. number | Ailment/use | Part/preparation used | Locality | References |
| 1 | Mouth ulcer | Tender leaves, chewed and stuck on ulcer | Basilicata, Italy | [33] |
| 2 | Aperitif | Tender parts-raw or boiled | Rome, Italy | [32] |
| 3 | Gum disorder | Fruit and seed, used as a mouth wash for gum disorder | Central Serbia | [35] |
| 4 | Insomnia | Infusion of tea leaf | Brazil | [31] |
| 5 | Constipation | Seeds, decoction | South Europe | [127] | Seeds mixed with sugar
| Jammu and Kashmir, India | [36] |
| 6 | Cancer | Leaf and flower, aqueous infusion, drink | Loja, Ecuador | [128] |
| 7 | Conjunctivitis | Leaf and flower, aqueous infusion, drink | Loja, Ecuador | [128] |
| 8 | Gastritis | Leaf, flower, aqueous infusion, drink | Loja, Ecuador | [128] |
| 9 | Diuresis | Root and seed, decoction | Miami, Florida, USA | [42] |
| 10 | Abdominal pains | Each plant part, decoction | Rome, Italy | [30] | Leaf and seeds, infusion | Northern Badia, Jordan, | [39] | Leaves, paste | Manisa, Turkey | [43] |
| 11 | Cold | Fruits and floral tops, decoction | Rome, Italy | [30] |
| 12 | Refreshing | Roots/whole plant, decoction | Rome, Italy | [30] |
| 13 | Swollen stomach | Leaves, decoction with a little honey | Rome, Italy | [129] |
| 14 | Hair grow | Seed oil | Middle Navarra | [130] |
| 15 | Antiemetic | Fruit, simple powder | Northeastern Majorcan area | [47] |
| 16 | Antihypertensive and Anti-cholesterolemic | Leaf directly chewed | north-eastern Majorcan area | [47] |
| 17 | Depurative | Leaf and stem, comestible | Iberian Peninsula, Spain | [40] |
| 18 | Hypnotic | Seed, leaf, and stem, infusion and edible | North Iran | [24] |
| 19 | Diarrhoea | Seeds, roots, and fresh leaves | Northern Portugal | [28] | Seeds grounded with Root tubers of Hemidesmus indicus and the paste taken with jaggery twice a day for three days | Bhandara, Maharashtra, India | [131] |
| 20 | Kidney ailments | Aerial part, infusion | Alto, Bolivia | [34] | Seed, decoction | Gujranwala, Pakistan | [132] |
| 21 | Colic in children | Leaf and fruit, infusion | Brazil | [133] |
| 22 | Irritable colon | Leaf and seeds, infusion | Northern Badia, Jordan, | [39] |
| 23 | Gastralgia | Leaf, decoction | southern Spain | [29] |
| 24 | Purgative | Seed, infusion and edible | Gujranwala, Pakistan | [132] |
| 25 | Laxative | Seed, infusion and edible | Gujranwala, Pakistan | [132] |
| 26 | Liver pain | Seed | Pernambuco, Northeast Brazil | [133] |
| 27 | Mosquitocidal | Root boiled and drunk as tea | Somali Region, Ethiopia | [41] |
| 28 | Arthritis | Leaf, an infusion made from the leaves is drunk | South Africa | [37] |
| 29 | Fever | Leaf, an infusion made from the leaves is drunk | South Africa | [37] |
| 30 | Fat deduction | Green fruit is chewed to reduce fat | South Africa | [37] |
| 31 | Leucorrhoea | A mixture of its 100 g seed powder, 200 g seed powder of Papaver somniferum, 100 g fruit powder of Coriander sativum, and 200 g of sugar is prepared and 50 g of this mixture is taken by the tribal ladies early in the morning | Rajasthan, India | [26] |
| 32 | Problem of repeated abortions | Mixture of its 50 g seed powder, 50 g fruit powder of Trapa natans, and 50 g sugar is given daily to pregnant ladies | Rajasthan, India | [26] |
| 33 | Digestive system | Fruits, decoction | Basilicata, Italy | [33] | Seed, decoction (drink one tea cup after food) | Balikesir, Turkey | [134] | Whole plant | Western cape of South Africa | [135] | Fruit, powder for digestive ailments |
Middle, West, and South Bosnia | [136] | Seeds, decoction | South Europe | [127] | Seeds, roots, and fresh leaves | Northern Portugal. | [28] | Seed, decoction | Southern Spain | [29] |
| 34 | Carminative | Tender parts, raw or boiled | Rome, Italy | [32] | Whole plant | Western cape of South Africa | [135] | Seeds, decoction | South Europe | [127] | Seed, leaf, and stem, infusion and edible | North Iran | [24] | Leaves and/or fruits | South Africa | [27] |
| 35 | Diuretic | Tender parts, raw or boiled | Rome, Italy | [32] | Whole plant | Western cape of South Africa | [135] | Seeds, decoction | South-Europe | [127] | Seeds, roots, and fresh leaves | Northern Portugal. | [28] | Leaf, an infusion made from the leaves is drunk | South Africa | [37] |
| 36 | Emmenagogue | Aerial part, raw with carrot | Rome, Italy | [32] | Fruit, simple powder | North-eastern Majorcan area | [47] | Seed | Haryana, India | [137] |
| 37 | Milk stimulant in pregnant women (Galactagogue) | Leaf, an infusion made from the leaves is drunk | South Africa | [37] | Fruits, as condiment or chewed | Rome, Italy | [32] | Fruit, simple powder | north-eastern Majorcan area | [47] | Aerial part-infusion | Alto, Bolivia | [34] |
| 38 | Gingival wound | Fruit-paste | Uttarakhand, India | [138] | Whole plant, decoction | Andalusia, Spain | [29] |
| 39 | Eye blurry and itching | Aerial parts, inhaled into eyes | Balikesir, Turkey | [134] | Seeds, roots, and leaves | Northern Portugal | [28] | Seed, infusion, edible | Gujranwala, Pakistan | [132] | Leaves and/or fruits | South Africa | [27] |
| 40 | Cough | Whole plant, oral infusion | Guerrero, Mexico | [44] | Whole plant, decoction | Southern Spain | [29] | Whole plant | Western cape of South Africa | [135] |
| 41 | Stomachache | Whole plant, oral infusion | Guerrero, Mexico | [44] | Fruit |
Middle Navarra | [130] | Seed decoction is used against stomach ache | Liguria, Italy | [45] | Seed, leaf, and stem-infusion, edible | North Iran | [24] |
| 42 | Stress removal | Apical shoots is used as sedative for children | Liguria, Italy | [45] | Southern Punjab, Pakistan | [25] |
| 43 | Flatulence | Leaf and fruit, infusion | Brazil | [133] | Leaf and seeds, infusion | Northern Badia, Jordan, | [39] | Fresh fruit, decoction | North Bengal, India | [38] |
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