Breath Ketone Testing: A New Biomarker for Diagnosis and Therapeutic Monitoring of Diabetic Ketosis

Table 1

Demographic and clinical characteristics of study participants.

	1; Urine ketone (−)	2; Urine ketone (±)	3; Urine ketone (+)	4; Urine ketone (++)	5; Urine ketone (+++)	P
Age (yr)	45	48	45	37	30	0.004
Male (𝑛)	9 (18.37%)	7 (14.29%)	14 (28.57%)	9 (18.37%)	10 (20.40%)	0.783
BMI (kg/m^2)	23.49	25.41	22.73	23.43	21.92	0.219
FBG (mmol/L)	13.27	14.36	16.29	15.08	20.36	0.006
HbA1c (%)	10.37	10.59	11.40	10.33	12.26	0.183
TC (mmol/L)	5.78	5.27	6.06	5.01	5.62	0.327
TG (mmol/L)	2.71	3.39	3.60	1.47	4.83	0.439
LDL-C (mmol/L)	3.08	3.04	3.02	2.86	3.02	0.99
HDL-C (mmol/L)	1.12	1.10	1.24	1.20	1.12	0.747
ALT (U/L)	31.35	31.45	23.47	22.69	23.31	0.833
AST (U/L)	23.65	24.18	25.04	25.36	18.94	0.830
BUN (mmol/L)	3.84	4.20	4.05	4.58	4.46	0.745
Cr (μmol/L)	58.06	64.16	61.66	62.13	70.32	0.584

BMI: body mass index; FBG: fasting blood glucose; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglyceride; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; Cr: creatinine; BUN: blood urea nitrogen.