Widespread 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Deficiency in Affluent and Nonaffluent Pregnant Indian Women

Table 2

Maternal characteristics by 25(OH)D adequacy (N = 150).

Maternal characteristics	25(OH)D deficiency; <20.0 ng/mL; (n = 141)	25(OH)D insufficiency; 20.0–29.9 ng/mL; (n = 9)
Mean ± SD or (95% CI)^4			P value
Age (years)	26.7 ± 4.1	27.8 ± 2.1	0.46
Weight (kg)	62.5 ± 7.6	59.8 ± 8.8	0.31
Phytate : calcium^1,2	1.4 (1.3, 1.8)	1.3 (1.2, 1.4)	0.11
Calcium (mg/d)^1	312.8 (294.0, 332.7)	357.8 (284.4, 449.9)	0.29
Phosphorus (mg/d)	590.9 ± 97.9	581.9 ± 117.2	0.79
Sun exposure index^1,3	44.9 (39.8, 50.8)	113.8 (73.5, 176.2)	<0.001
Time of day (24 hours)	14:00 ± 2:00	13:00 ± 3:00	0.30
% (n)^5			P value
Hospital
Private	91.2 (62)	8.8 (6)	0.19
Government	96.3 (79)	3.7 (3)
Parity
First pregnancy	93.2 (110)	6.8 (8)	0.44
>1 pregnancy	96.9 (31)	3.1 (1)

1Log transformed variables. Geometric means and 95% confidence intervals reported.
²Phytate : calcium ratio = mmol/day phytate intake/mmol/day calcium intake.
³% body surface area exposed to sunlight × hours of sun exposure/week. Higher values indicate greater exposure to sunlight.
⁴ANOVA.
⁵Pearson’s chi-squared tests.
Time of day (24 hours) refers to the time of the day to sun exposure in 24-hour format.