Assessment of Cardiac Sarcoidosis with Advanced Imaging Modalities

Figure 1

Recruitment of inflammatory cells and granuloma formation. Release of type 1 helper T (Th1) cytokines or chemokines promotes cellular accumulation and nidus formation, resulting in granuloma. Activated macrophages increase the expression of co-stimulatory molecules; released chemokines such as CXCL10 attract additional T cells with a CD4/Th1 phenotype.