Programming of Fetal Insulin Resistance in Pregnancies with Maternal Obesity by ER Stress and Inflammation

Table 1

Cardiovascular risk factors in offspring of pregnancies with maternal obesity.

Parameters	Effect	Maternal obesity	Offspring age (years)	Reference
Blood pressure	Increased	eGWG	9, 21	[33, 34]
		ePPW	Neonates, 6, 17	[35–38]
Body fat	Increased	eGWG	9	[33]
		ePPW	Neonates, 6	[37–40]
BMI	Increased	eGWG	9, 21	[33, 34]
		ePPW	6, 17	[36, 37]
IL-6	Increased	eGWG	9	[33]
		ePPW	Neonates	[40]
CRP	Increased	eGWG	9	[33]
Abdominal fat	Increased	eGWG	9	[33]
		ePPW	6	[37]
Leptin	Increased	eGWG	9	[33]
		ePPW	Neonates	[40]
HDL	Decreased	eGWG	9	[33]
		ePPW	6	[37]
ApoA1	Decreased	eGWG	9	[33]
Insulin	Increased	ePPW	6	[37]
HOMA-IR	Increased	ePPW	Neonates	[40]

ePPW, excessive prepregnancy weight; eGWG, excessive gestational weight gain; BMI, body mass index; IL-6, interleukin 6; CRP; c-reactive protein; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; ApoA1: apolipoprotein A-I; HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance.