Review Article
Programming of Fetal Insulin Resistance in Pregnancies with Maternal Obesity by ER Stress and Inflammation
Table 1
Cardiovascular risk factors in offspring of pregnancies with maternal obesity.
| Parameters | Effect | Maternal obesity | Offspring age (years) | Reference |
| Blood pressure | Increased | eGWG | 9, 21 | [33, 34] | ePPW | Neonates, 6, 17 | [35ā38] | Body fat | Increased | eGWG | 9 | [33] | ePPW | Neonates, 6 | [37ā40] | BMI | Increased | eGWG | 9, 21 | [33, 34] | ePPW | 6, 17 | [36, 37] | IL-6 | Increased | eGWG | 9 | [33] | ePPW | Neonates | [40] | CRP | Increased | eGWG | 9 | [33] | Abdominal fat | Increased | eGWG | 9 | [33] | ePPW | 6 | [37] | Leptin | Increased | eGWG | 9 | [33] | ePPW | Neonates | [40] | HDL | Decreased | eGWG | 9 | [33] | ePPW | 6 | [37] | ApoA1 | Decreased | eGWG | 9 | [33] | Insulin | Increased | ePPW | 6 | [37] | HOMA-IR | Increased | ePPW | Neonates | [40] |
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ePPW, excessive prepregnancy weight; eGWG, excessive gestational weight gain; BMI, body mass index; IL-6, interleukin 6; CRP; c-reactive protein; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; ApoA1: apolipoprotein A-I; HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance.
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