Review Article

Roles of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Table 3

VEGF neurotrophic activity (adapted from Keifer et al., 2014 [198]).

VEGF factorā€‚RoleReferences

VEGF-ANeurogenesis[103, 277, 278]
Nerve migration[279]
Axonal guidance[167, 280, 281]
Survival/neuroprotection[39, 41, 282]
Protective effects in adverse conditions:
Hypoxia
Serum deprivation
Excitotoxicity
Mechanical trauma
Chemical toxicity
[36, 37, 182, 183, 212, 251, 283, 284]

VEGF-BSurvival: retinal and cortical neurons[165, 217]

VEGF-CNervous system development
Proliferation and activation of astroglia and microglia
[113, 285, 286]

VEGF-DSurvival/neuroprotection
Development of embryonic stem cells
[279, 287]

PLGFSurvival/neuroprotection [288, 289]