Bifidobacteria-Host Interactions—An Update on Colonisation Factors

Table 1

Factors and medical conditions associated with changes in the composition of the faecal microbiota.

Factor/disease	Effect/observation	References
Caesarean section	Higher numbers of the Clostridium difficile group l; Delayed/reduced colonisation with Bifidobacterium sp., Lactobacillus sp. and Bacteroides sp.	[14–16]
Infant feeding	Formula-fed infants with lower levels and diversity in Bifidobacterium sp.	[11, 15, 17]
Ageing	Increase in Enterobacteriaceae and Bacteroidetes; Reduced levels of Bifidobacterium sp.	[18, 19]
Antibiotic-associated diarrhea and chronic C. difficile infections	Reduced diversity; Increase in Enterobacteriaceae and Firmicutes; Reduced levels of Bifidobacterium sp. and Bacteroidetes	[18, 20–22]
Irritable bowel syndrome	Increase in Firmicutes; Reduced levels of Bacteroidetes and Bifidobacterium sp.	[23–25]
Inflammatory bowel disease	Reduced diversity; Lower levels of Faecalibacterium sp.; Increase in Enterobacteriaceae and Bifidobacterium sp.; Reduced levels of Bifidobacterium sp. in pediatric IBD	[26–29]
Atopic disease/Allergy	Increase in Clostridium sp.; Reduced levels of Bifidobacterium sp.	[30–32]
Autism	Increase in Clostridium sp.; Reduced levels of Bifidobacterium sp.	[33–35]