Review Article

Saliva-Based Biosensors: Noninvasive Monitoring Tool for Clinical Diagnostics

Table 2

Summary of the reported SL immunosensors analytical parameters.

BiomarkerBiorecognition TransducerSample volume (L)Working rangeSensitivityDetection limit (DL)Reference

CortisolCortisol Ag-Ab/APImmunoelectrochemical300.21 ng mL−1[108]
Cortisol conjugate-AbOptical1.5–10 ng mL−11.0 ng mL−1[109]
Cortisol-linker conjugate-AbOptical5091–934 pg mL−1162 RU mL ng−149 pg mL−1[74]
GOx-cortisol conjugate/Ag-AbOptical1001–10 ng mL−1[110]
GOx-cortisol conjugate/Ag-AbImmunoelectrochemical400.1–10 ng mL−1[111]
Cortisol Ag-AbImmunoelectrochemical1 pM−1M1.165 k M−11 pM[112]
Cortisol analog-anti-cortisol AbField effect transistors/chemiresistors0.001–10 ng mL−113.97 ng mL−11 pg mL−1[113]
Cortisol conjugate-BSA/Anti-cortisol AbImmunoelectrochemical10100 pM to 100 nM540 M−11 pM[115]

TestosteroneTestosterone-linker conjugate-Ag-AbOptical25–250 pg mL−145 RU mL ng−115.4 pg mL−1[87]

Immunoglobulin
A (IgA)
IgA-anti IgAPiezoelectric 10 000[138]
SAG1 antigen[162]
IgG HIV targetElectrochemical 1 nM[142]

Streptococcus pyogenes (S. pyogenes) bacteriaAnti-S.pyogenes Ab-Ptyr-biotin-NeutrAvidinImmunoelectrochemical100 to 105 cells per 10 L [139]

Interleukin-8 (IL-8)IL-8 capture probe-IL-8 target/FluorescentOptical506 fM–12 pM4.0 fM[144]
IL-8 capture probe-IL-8 target/FluorescentOptical200.8 pM[159]

Cancer antigens 15-3 (CA 15-3)Anti-CA 15-3 AbOptical2.5–20.0 U mL−1[158]
Anti-CA 153 AbOptical0.001–10 U mL−10.001–0.01 U/mL0.001 U/mL[163]
IL-8 mRNA and protein probeElectrochemical5 fM–50 pM,
10–12500 pg/mL
 3.9 fM
7.4 pg/mL
[160]