Review Article
Saliva-Based Biosensors: Noninvasive Monitoring Tool for Clinical Diagnostics
Table 2
Summary of the reported SL immunosensors analytical parameters.
| Biomarker | Biorecognition | Transducer | Sample volume (L) | Working range | Sensitivity | Detection limit (DL) | Reference |
| Cortisol | Cortisol Ag-Ab/AP | Immunoelectrochemical | 30 | — | — | 0.21 ng mL−1 | [108] | Cortisol conjugate-Ab | Optical | — | 1.5–10 ng mL−1 | — | 1.0 ng mL−1 | [109] | Cortisol-linker conjugate-Ab | Optical | 50 | 91–934 pg mL−1 | 162 RU mL ng−1 | 49 pg mL−1 | [74] | GOx-cortisol conjugate/Ag-Ab | Optical | 100 | 1–10 ng mL−1 | — | — | [110] | GOx-cortisol conjugate/Ag-Ab | Immunoelectrochemical | 40 | 0.1–10 ng mL−1 | — | — | [111] | Cortisol Ag-Ab | Immunoelectrochemical | — | 1 pM−1 M | 1.165 k M−1 | 1 pM | [112] | Cortisol analog-anti-cortisol Ab | Field effect transistors/chemiresistors | — | 0.001–10 ng mL−1 | 13.97 ng mL−1 | 1 pg mL−1 | [113] | Cortisol conjugate-BSA/Anti-cortisol Ab | Immunoelectrochemical | 10 | 100 pM to 100 nM | 540 M−1 | 1 pM | [115] |
| Testosterone | Testosterone-linker conjugate-Ag-Ab | Optical | — | 25–250 pg mL−1 | 45 RU mL ng−1 | 15.4 pg mL−1 | [87] |
| Immunoglobulin A (IgA) | IgA-anti IgA | Piezoelectric | 10 000 | — | — | — | [138] | SAG1 antigen | — | — | — | — | — | [162] | IgG HIV target | Electrochemical | — | — | — | 1 nM | [142] |
| Streptococcus pyogenes (S. pyogenes) bacteria | Anti-S.pyogenes Ab-Ptyr-biotin-NeutrAvidin | Immunoelectrochemical | — | 100 to 105 cells per 10 L | — | — | [139] |
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Interleukin-8 (IL-8) | IL-8 capture probe-IL-8 target/Fluorescent | Optical | 50 | 6 fM–12 pM | — | 4.0 fM | [144] | IL-8 capture probe-IL-8 target/Fluorescent | Optical | 20 | — | — | 0.8 pM | [159] |
|
Cancer antigens 15-3 (CA 15-3) | Anti-CA 15-3 Ab | Optical | — | 2.5–20.0 U mL−1 | — | — | [158] | Anti-CA 153 Ab | Optical | — | 0.001–10 U mL−1 | 0.001–0.01 U/mL | 0.001 U/mL | [163] | IL-8 mRNA and protein probe | Electrochemical | — | 5 fM–50 pM, 10–12500 pg/mL | 3.9 fM 7.4 pg/mL | — | [160] |
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