Frequency and Clinical Implication of the R450H Mutation in the Thyrotropin Receptor Gene in the Japanese Population Detected by Smart Amplification Process 2

Tsunekawa, Katsuhiko; Yanagawa, Yoshimaro; Aoki, Tomoyuki; Morimura, Tadashi; Araki, Osamu; Kimura, Takao; Ogiwara, Takayuki; Kotajima, Nobuo; Yanagawa, Masumi; Murakami, Masami

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/964635

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Volume 2014 | Article ID 964635 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/964635

Frequency and Clinical Implication of the R450H Mutation in the Thyrotropin Receptor Gene in the Japanese Population Detected by Smart Amplification Process 2

Katsuhiko Tsunekawa,¹Yoshimaro Yanagawa,¹Tomoyuki Aoki,¹Tadashi Morimura,¹Osamu Araki,¹Takao Kimura,¹Takayuki Ogiwara,¹Nobuo Kotajima,¹Masumi Yanagawa,²and Masami Murakami¹

Academic Editor: Gil Guerra-Junior

Received20 Feb 2014

Revised15 Apr 2014

Accepted15 Apr 2014

Published05 May 2014

Abstract

In Japanese pediatric patients with thyrotropin (TSH) resistance, the R450H mutation in TSH receptor gene (TSHR) is occasionally observed. We studied the frequency and clinical implication of the R450H mutation in TSHR in the general population of Japanese adults using smart amplification process 2 (SmartAmp2). We designed SmartAmp2 primer sets to detect this mutation using a drop of whole blood. We analyzed thyroid function, antithyroid antibodies, and this mutation in 429 Japanese participants who had not been found to have thyroid disease. Two cases without antithyroid antibodies were heterozygous for the R450H mutation in TSHR. Thus, the prevalence of this mutation was 0.47% in the general population and 0.63% among those without antithyroid antibodies. Their serum TSH concentrations were higher than the average TSH concentration not only in subjects without antithyroid antibodies but also in those with antithyroid antibodies. The R450H mutation in TSHR is relatively common in the Japanese population and potentially affects thyroid function. The present study demonstrates that the SmartAmp2 method is useful to detect the R450H mutation in TSHR, which is one of the common causes of TSH resistance in the Japanese population.

1. Introduction

The thyrotropin (TSH) receptor is a G-protein-coupled receptor that mediates TSH signaling during thyroid development, growth, and hormone synthesis. Loss-of-function mutations in the TSH receptor gene (TSHR) were first reported in patients with TSH resistance in 1995 [1]. Until now, various missense or nonsense mutations in TSHR have been identified in patients with TSH resistance [2]. Those patients were found to have euthyroid hyperthyrotropinemia or hypothyroidism, with a pattern of transmission consistent with autosomal recessive inheritance.

We previously reported the first cases of Japanese pediatric siblings with TSH resistance who were compound heterozygous for the R450H and G498S mutations in TSHR [3]. Subsequently, we reported three Japanese families with TSH resistance who were compound heterozygous for R450H and V473I, R450H and R519C, and R450H and R519G in TSHR [4]. To date, other pediatric patients with TSH resistance have been reported in Japan [5–7], and all Japanese patients with TSH resistance contained the R450H mutation in at least one allele, with the exception of one patient who was heterozygous for A204V mutation. The R450H mutation comprises substitution of Arg (CGC) with His (CAC) at codon 450, located in the first transmembrane domain of the TSH receptor. Transfection studies demonstrated that the R450H mutation resulted in moderately reduced TSH binding activity, moderately decreased cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) responses to TSH, and moderately decreased cell surface expression of TSHR. Although the R450H mutation in TSHR is occasionally observed in Japanese pediatric patients with TSH resistance, the frequency of this mutation in the general population of Japanese adults has not been reported until now.

Smart amplification process 2 (SmartAmp2) is a unique genotyping technology that can accurately detect mutations by a simple operation and within 30 minutes (min) under isothermal conditions using a drop of whole blood [8]. SmartAmp2 allows the analysis of mutations in many subjects, even newborns, from whom it is difficult to obtain a sufficient quantity of blood for genetic analysis.

In this study, we developed novel SmartAmp2 primer sets to detect the R450H mutation in TSHR, investigated the frequency of the R450H mutation in TSHR, and analyzed the association between this mutation and thyroid function in the general population of Japanese adults.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Subjects

Participants were recruited from an ongoing health survey for the evaluation of metabolic syndrome and glucose tolerance in six areas in Gunma Prefecture, Japan: Maebashi City, Shibukawa City, Ogo Town, Gunma Town, Nakanojo Town, and Yoshioka Town [9, 10]. We studied 429 participants (156 men, aged 26–89 years; 273 women, aged 22–83 years) without a significant goiter who had not been found to have thyroid disease based on interviews concerning lifestyle habits and medical history. Written informed consent was obtained from all the participants. This study was conducted with the approval of the Ethics Committee of Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine.

2.2. Physical and Blood Chemistry Examinations

Body weight was measured using the MC-190 Inner Scan (Tanita, Tokyo, Japan), and body mass index (BMI) was calculated as weight/height² (kg/m²).

Venous blood samples were drawn from the participants after overnight fasting. Serum free 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine (FT₃), free thyroxine (FT₄), and TSH concentrations were analyzed by a chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay on an Abbott ARCHITECT i2000SR Immunoassay Analyzer (Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL, USA). Serum antithyroglobulin antibody (TgAb) and antithyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) were analyzed by an electrochemiluminescence immunoassay using Modular Analytics E170 (Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, IN, USA). Subjects with TgAb and TPOAb levels >28 IU/mL and >16 IU/mL, respectively, were considered to be positive cases.

2.3. Genotyping by the SmartAmp2 Method

The R450H mutation of TSHR was genotyped by the SmartAmp2 method [8, 10]. To test SmartAmp2 primers and evaluate the accuracy of genotyping, we used the plasmid templates of pSVL-TSHR wild type (wt) and pSVL-TSHR R450H, generated as described previously [3]. The whole blood samples, collected with the tube containing EDTA-3 K, and the genomic DNA samples, extracted from the whole blood by FlexiGene DNA Kit (Qiagen K.K., Tokyo, Japan), were used as the templates of the clinical samples. Whole blood samples were diluted threefold with 50 mM NaOH and denatured at 98°C for 3 min. The dried blood spot samples, punched to 3 mm diameter from the newborn screening card, or the buccal mucosa samples, which cut off the cotton swabs, were soaked in 20 μL of 25 mM NaOH and denatured at 98°C for 3 min. The plasmid DNA and genomic DNA samples were directly denatured at 98°C for 3 min. After chilling on ice, the sample preparation (0.8 μL of whole blood, dried blood spot, and buccal swab, 6,000 copies of plasmid DNA, or 8 ng of genomic DNA) was directly added into the reaction mixture (total volume of 10 μL) containing 2.0 μM folding primer (FP), 2.0 μM turn-back primer (TP), 1.0 μM boost primer (BP), 0.25 μM of each outer primer (OP1 and OP2), 1.4 mM dNTPs, 20 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0), 10 mM KCl, 10 mM (NH₄)₂SO₄, 8 mM MgSO₄, 0.1% Tween20, 1 : 100,000 SYBR Green I (Takara Bio Inc., Otsu, Japan), and 2.4 units of Aac polymerase (K.K. DNAFORM, Yokohama, Japan). SmartAmp2 reaction mixtures were incubated at 60°C for 30 min under isothermal conditions using the 7500 Real-Time PCR Systems (Applied Biosystems, Forester City, CA, USA), where changes in the fluorescence intensity of SYBR Green I dye indicative of DNA amplification were monitored during the reaction. We detected the genotypes on the basis of the presence or absence of DNA amplification within 30 min.

To detect the R450H mutation in TSHR, we designed five primers termed TP, FP, BP, OP1, and OP2 for the SmartAmp2 method. We designed TPs to discriminate between 450R (CGC) and 450H (CAC) forms of TSHR and used TP (wt), FP, BP, OP1, and OP2 for the wt primer set and TP (R450H), FP, BP, OP1, and OP2 for the R450H primer set (Figure 1(a)).

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure 1

The primer annealing site design and amplification protocol for detecting the R450H mutation in TSHR by the SmartAmp2 method are shown. (a) Sequences and annealing sites for the SmartAmp2 primer set to detect the R450H mutation in TSHR are shown. An arrow indicates the nucleotide position of the R450H mutation in TSHR. TP: turn-back primer; FP: folding primer; BP: boost primer; and OP: outer primer. (b) Amplification curves generated with the SmartAmp2 primer set to detect the R450H mutation in TSHR using plasmid templates encoding pSVL-TSHR (wt) and pSVL-TSHR (R450H) are shown. (c) Direct sequencing results of the plasmid DNA templates pSVL-TSHR (wt) and pSVL-TSHR (R450H) are given.

We used the plasmid templates of pSVL-TSHR (wt) and pSVL-TSHR (R450H) to evaluate the accuracy of genotyping with the SmartAmp2 primer sets and then used verified primer sets to obtain amplification data for each plasmid (Figure 1(b)). We could successfully detect the R450H mutation on the basis of the presence or absence of DNA amplification within 30 min using each SmartAmp2 primer. Accurate detection by the SmartAmp2 method was confirmed by comparison with direct sequencing data (Figure 1(c)). Similar amplifications by the SmartAmp2 method were observed using the whole blood, the dried blood spot, and the buccal swab samples as templates without purification of the genomic DNA (data not shown).

2.4. Direct Sequencing

DNA sequencing of TSHR was performed as described previously [3]. Exons 1–10 of TSHR were amplified by PCR using plasmid DNA or genomic DNA samples as templates. Direct sequencing was performed using BigDye Terminator 3.1 (Applied Biosystems) after ExoSAP-IT treatment (GE Healthcare, Tokyo, Japan) and analyzed with a 3130xl Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems).

2.5. Statistical Analysis

The results of each measurement are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation (SD). Binary logistic regression analysis was used to compare gender to the positive rate of antithyroid antibodies. Statistically significant differences between groups were tested using an unpaired Student’s t-test or the Mann-Whitney test as appropriate. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS Statistics, version 20.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA).

3. Results

3.1. Thyroid Function and Antithyroid Antibodies in Participants

The physical and laboratory characteristics of 429 participants without a significant goiter who had not been found to have thyroid disease were shown in Table 1. Among the participants, there were 84 positive cases (19.6%) of TgAb, 63 positive cases (14.7%) of TPOAb, and 112 positive cases (26.1%) of antithyroid antibodies who had TgAb and/or TPOAb. The positive rate of each antibody was slightly but not significantly higher in women than in men (women (W) versus men (M): TgAb, 21.6% versus 16.0%; TPOAb, 15.0% versus 14.1%; and antithyroid antibodies, 28.6% versus 21.8%).

A comparison of thyroid function test for the negative and positive cases of antithyroid antibodies is shown in Table 2. Cases positive for antithyroid antibodies showed significantly higher serum TSH concentrations than the negative cases (). Seven cases positive for antithyroid antibodies showed elevated serum TSH concentrations above reference range. Of these, one case showed hypothyroidism, whose serum TSH concentration was 40.28 μU/mL and serum FT₄ concentration was 0.44 ng/dL, and six cases showed subclinical hypothyroidism, whose serum TSH concentrations were within 10 μU/mL and serum FT₄ concentrations were within reference range. On the other hand, all serum TSH concentrations for negative cases of antithyroid antibodies were within reference range. Serum FT₃ and FT₄ concentrations were not significantly different between the groups. Although these subjects had not been previously found to have thyroid disease, antithyroid antibodies were observed at a high frequency and were associated with hyperthyrotropinemia in the present study.

3.2. Frequency of the R450H Mutation in TSHR and Its Effect on Thyroid Function

We analyzed the R450H mutation in TSHR by the SmartAmp2 method using whole blood and genomic DNA samples. Among the 429 samples, DNA amplification by both the wt and R450H primer sets was observed in two samples (Figures 2(a) and 2(b)). It was demonstrated that these two cases were heterozygous for wt/R450H in TSHR. Direct sequencing also confirmed heterozygosity for wt/R450H in two cases (Figure 2(c)). Two cases did not have TgAb and TPOAb. The prevalence of the R450H mutation was 0.47% among the whole participants and 0.63% among the participants without antithyroid antibodies.

(a)

(b)

(c)

The clinical characteristics and thyroid function tests for these two cases are shown in Table 3. Case 1 was a 77-year-old man who received glimepiride and metformin to treat type 2 diabetes. Case 2 was a 71-year-old man who received valsartan and benidipine to treat hypertension. Neither case had a goiter. Their serum FT₃ and FT₄ concentrations were within the reference range. In case 1, the serum TSH concentration was 2.61 μU/mL. In case 2, repetitive measurements of the serum TSH concentration yielded values of 3.68, 6.87, 4.13, and 5.37 μU/mL, which occasionally exceeded the reference range. Although neither had detectable TgAb or TPOAb, their serum TSH concentrations were higher than the average TSH concentration not only in subjects without antithyroid antibodies but also in those with antithyroid antibodies. In the TSH-releasing hormone (TRH) provocative test of case 2, prolonged TSH response was observed [11], although the serum FT₃ and FT₄ concentrations did not increase (Figure 3). The TRH provocative test could not be performed on case 1.

4. Discussion

In the present study, we developed novel SmartAmp2 primer set to detect the R450H mutation in TSHR from a drop of whole blood. Using the primer set, we analyzed the frequency of the R450H mutation in the general population of Japanese adults and the effect of the mutation on the thyroid function in the carriers of this mutation. This appears to be the first report to investigate the R450H mutation in a Japanese adult cohort that was not found to have thyroid disease.

To date, five studies have demonstrated the Japanese pediatric patients with TSH resistance, who have carried the R450H mutation in at least one allele except one patient. Furthermore, the R450H mutation in TSHR was also detected in patients with TSH resistance in various countries in East Asia, including China [12], Korea [13], and Taiwan [14], although this mutation has not been reported in Caucasian populations. In the Welsh population, two heterozygous W546X mutations were detected in 368 individuals, and the W546X mutation was suggested to be a potential major contributor to hypothyroidism [15]. In the present study, we similarly detected two heterozygous R450H mutations in 429 Japanese adult individuals. In addition, we observed the antithyroid antibodies (TgAb and/or TPOAb) in 112 subjects (26.1%). The increased prevalence of antithyroid antibodies was reported in elderly subjects [16]. The high frequency of patients positive for antithyroid antibodies may be, at least in part, due to the inclusion of many elderly participants (aged years) in this study. The prevalence of R450H mutation was 0.47% among the whole participants and 0.63% among the participants without antithyroid antibodies.

The association between the R450H mutation in TSHR and thyroid function has not been reported in adult patients. We previously reported that the R450H mutation led the receptor function to the moderate impairment of cAMP response to TSH, TSH binding activity, and cell surface expression [4]. In this report, the patients with TSH resistance were all compound heterozygous for R450H and either V473I, R519G, or R519C. The impairment of receptor function in vitro (R519G > R519C > R450H > V473I) related closely to serum TSH levels in patients bearing the following genotypes: R519G/R450H > R519C/R450H > V473I/R450H. In the present study, sequencing analysis of exons 1–10 in TSHR revealed that both cases were heterozygous for wt/D727E, a polymorphism with little effect on thyroid function [17]. Despite the absence of antithyroid antibodies in two R450H mutation carriers, the serum TSH concentrations of case 2 occasionally exceeded reference range and were higher than the average TSH concentrations in subjects with antithyroid antibodies. Even in case 1, his serum TSH concentration was higher than the average TSH concentration not only in subjects without antithyroid antibodies but also in those with antithyroid antibodies. These results suggest that heterozygosity for the R450H mutation potentially causes TSH resistance in Japanese adults.

Whereas the previous studies detected the mutations in TSHR by direct sequencing analysis [1–8], we used the SmartAmp2 method to detect the R450H mutation in TSHR for the first time. Using the SmartAmp2 method, all processes can be performed by a simple operation because the initial purification of genomic DNA from blood is not necessary and mutations can be directly detected on the basis of the presence or absence of DNA amplification. Additionally, accurate amplification is achieved by reduction of nonspecific amplification using a unique asymmetrical primer set. Because the SmartAmp2 method is a simple and reliable method to detect mutations, it is often utilized in clinical settings, for example, for highly sensitive detection of the EGFR mutation in lung cancer [18], rapid and highly sensitive detection of the 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus [19], and simple detection of multiple polymorphisms of the β3AR, β2AR, and UCP1 genes in many subjects [10]. Notably, the SmartAmp2 method enables us to analyze mutations using a drop of whole blood and the dried blood spot. Therefore, this method is useful to detect mutations in newborns, from whom it is difficult to obtain a sufficient quantity of blood. We believe that the SmartAmp2 method to detect the R450H mutation in TSHR will be a valuable tool for detailed examination of the cause of hyperthyrotropinemia after newborn screening in Japan. Furthermore, this method will also be useful to investigate the cause of hyperthyrotropinemia or hypothyroidism in East Asia.

We studied the frequency of the R450H mutation of TSHR in Japanese general population. A limitation of the present study was the presence of only two subjects with the R450H mutation, which was not enough to investigate the clinical implication of the R450H mutation. It will be necessary to analyze the frequency and the clinical implication of the R450H mutation in Japanese subjects with elevated TSH. Furthermore, it will be of interest to elucidate whether this mutation is observed beyond East Asian populations.

5. Conclusions

In conclusion, we identified two cases of heterozygous R450H mutations in TSHR among 429 Japanese adults using the SmartAmp2 method. The prevalence of the R450H mutation was 0.47% in the general population and 0.63% among those without antithyroid antibodies. One of the R450H carriers exhibited mild hyperthyrotropinemia and tended to have TSH resistance. These results suggest that the R450H mutation in TSHR is relatively common and potentially affects thyroid function in Japanese carriers. The present study demonstrates that the SmartAmp2 method to detect the R450H mutation in TSHR is a useful tool for examining the cause of hyperthyrotropinemia in Japanese and East Asian populations.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

Acknowledgments

The present work was supported in part by Grants-in-Aid (no. 23790614 to K. Tsunekawa and no. 23390146 to M. Murakami) for scientific research from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan. The authors are indebted to Dr. Koji Seki for his technical assistance and useful discussion.

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Copyright © 2014 Katsuhiko Tsunekawa et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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