Review Article

Musculoskeletal Disorders in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Figure 4

Bone mineral density in different GOLD stages. The -score is the difference between the patient’s results and the mean results obtained in a young population, expressed in units of standard deviation. Osteoporosis is the condition with a -score below −2.5; osteopenia is the condition of a -score between −1 and −2.5. The prevalence of low bone mineral density increases with higher GOLD stage [25].
965764.fig.004