Naja naja karachiensis Envenomation: Biochemical Parameters for Cardiac, Liver, and Renal Damage along with Their Neutralization by Medicinal Plants

Table 4

Nephroprotective activity of different medicinal plant extracts on urea and creatinine levels to neutralize snake bite envenomation in experimental rabbits.

Sr. number	Group V (subgroup)	Name of evaluated sample	Urea		Creatinine
			mg/dL; (mean ± SEM)	𝑃 value/comment	mg/dL; (mean ± SEM)	𝑃 value/comment
1	(V/1)	Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth.	57 ± 0.0	0.02>𝑃>0.01	1.6 ± 0.20	0.5>𝑃>0.1
2	(V/2)	Allium cepa L.	51 ± 11.03	0.5>𝑃>0.1	1.50 ± 0.17	0.5>𝑃>0.1
3	(V/3)	Allium sativum L.	50 ± 4.01	0.5>𝑃>0.1	1.30 ± 0.06	0.5>𝑃>0.1
4	(V/4)	Althaea officinalisL.	26 ± 5.05	𝑃>0.5	1.18 ± 0.24	𝑃>0.5
5	(V/5)	Bauhinia variegata L.	50 ± 12.6	0.5>𝑃>0.1	1.36 ± 0.24	0.5>𝑃>0.1
6	(V/6)	Brassica nigra (L.) W. D. J. Koch	22.5 ± 4.51	0.5>𝑃>0.1	1.07 ± 0.11	𝑃>0.5
7	(V/7a)	Calotropis procera (Aiton) W. T. Aiton (exudates)	42.5 ± 2.52	0.5>𝑃>0.1	1.30 ± 0.01	0.1>𝑃>0.05
8	(V/7b)	Calotropis procera (Aiton) W. T. Aiton (flowers)	39 ± 2.02	0.5>𝑃>0.1	1.25 ± 0.03	0.5>𝑃>0.1
9	(V/8)	Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ex D. Don) G. Don	44 ± 4.04	0.5>𝑃>0.1	1.44 ± 0.07	0.5>𝑃>0.1
10	(V/9)	Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f.	39.5 ± 2.52	0.5>𝑃>0.1	1.40 ± 0.03	0.1>𝑃>0.05
11	(V/10)	Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad	49.5 ± 3.53	0.5>𝑃>0.1	1.52 ± 0.15	0.5>𝑃>0.1
12	(V/11)	Cuminum cyminum L.	54 ± 1.01	0.05>𝑃>0.02	1.48 ± 0.01	0.05>𝑃>0.02
13	(V/12)	Enicostemma hyssopifolium (Willd.) I. Verd.	39.5 ± 4.54	0.5>𝑃>0.1	1.35 ± 0.05	0.5>𝑃>0.1
14	(V/13)	Fagonia cretica L.	43 ± 2.27	0.5>𝑃>0.1	1.23 ± 0.13	𝑃<0.5
15	(V/14)	Leucas capitata Desf.	31.5 ± 0.50	𝑃>0.5	1.07 ± 0.05	𝑃>0.5
16	(V/15)	Matthiola incana (L.) W. T. Aiton	43.5 ± 3.53	0.5>𝑃>0.1	1.44 ± 0.14	0.5>𝑃>0.1
17	(V/16)	Momordica charantia L.	57 ± 5.01	0.5>𝑃>0.1	1.5 ± 0.005	0.05>𝑃>0.02
18	(V/17)	Nerium indicum Mill	47 ± 0.00	𝑃<0.05	1.24 ± 0.10	0.5>𝑃>0.1
19	(V/18)	Ocimum sanctum  L.	49.5 ± 7.52	0.5>𝑃>0.1	1.5 ± 0.005	0.05>𝑃>0.02
20	(V/19)	Pinus roxburghii Sarg	45 ± 1.00	𝑃>0.05	1.4 ± 0.05	0.5>𝑃>0.1
21	(V/20)	Pistacia integerrima J. L. Stewart	66.5 ± 0.50	0.02>𝑃>0.01	1.68 ± 0.10	0.5>𝑃>0.1
22	(V/21)	Psoralea corylifolia L.	42.5 ± 2.50	0.5>𝑃>0.1	1.27 ± 0.15	0.5>𝑃>0.1
23	(V/22)	Rhazya stricta Decne	53.5 ± 3.53	0.5>𝑃>0.1	1.67 ± 0.005	0.05>𝑃>0.02
24	(V/23)	Rubia cordifolia L.	36 ± 1.01	0.5>𝑃>0.1	0.93 ± 0.48	𝑃>0.5
25	(V/24)	Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn	44 ± 1.00	0.1>𝑃>0.05	1.43 ± 0.12	0.5>𝑃>0.1
26	(V/25)	Stenolobium stans (L.) Seem	25.5 ± 6.51	𝑃>0.5	1.1 ± 0.06	𝑃>0.5
27	(V/26)	Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight and Arn	38.5 ± 1.51	0.5>𝑃>0.1	1.27 ± 0.23	𝑃>0.5
28	(V/27)	Trichodesma indicum (L.) Sm	37 ± 1.00	0.5>𝑃>0.1	0.46 ± 0.01	0.05>𝑃>0.02
29	(V/28)	Zingiber officinale Roscoe	47 ± 1.00	0.05>𝑃>0.02	1.30 ± 0.01	0.5>𝑃>0.1
30	(V/29)	Reference standard antidote; (standard antisera /immunoglobulin’s)	31.5 ± 0.50	Select to compare	1.08 ± 0.02	Select to compare