The Endothelium, A Protagonist in the Pathophysiology of Critical Illness: Focus on Cellular Markers

Table 4

Overview on endothelial microparticles in acute brain injury, SAH, and TBI.

Study group	Study population	Detection method	Phenotype EMP	Main findings
Lackner et al. [35]	Case-control; spontaneous SAH (𝑛=20)	Flow cytometry; plasma	CD105+/Annexin V+ or −; CD62E+/Annexin V+ or −; CD54+/Annexin V+ or −; CD106+/Annexin V+ or −	(i) Increased number of all EMP phenotypes studied in SAH versus healthy; (ii) In patients with Doppler detected cerebral vasospasm increased CD105+/Annexin V+ and CD62E+/Annexin V+; (iii) CD105+/Annexin V+ associated with cerebral infarction
Morel et al. [36]	Case-control; TBI (𝑛=16)	Capture technique; PFP and CSF	Annexin V+; CD31+	(i) Increased MP number in plasma and CSF at D0, decreased D3, D5, D10; (ii) High proportion of EMP
Sanborn et al. [37]	Case-control; SAH (𝑛=22)	Flow cytometry; Frozen plasma samples	CD146+/Annexin V+	(i) Elevated EMP after SAH, and remained high until D10; (ii) Negative correlation EMP and infarction at D14

CSF: cerebral spinal fluid; EMP: endothelial microparticles; MP: microparticle, PFP: Platelet free plasma; SAH: subarachnoid hemorrhage; TBI: traumatic brain injury.