Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinomas in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: Relationship with Diagnostic Challenge

Table 4

Detection rates of urothelial carcinomas and upper tract urothelial carcinomas in kidney transplant recipients using urological and imaging methods.

Patients	Test	Positive result ()/total number ()	Detection rate (%)	Reference
Urothelial carcinoma	Urine cytology	2/24	8.3%	Kao et al. [35]
		7/30	23.3%	Wu et al. [40]
		3/11	27.3%	Kliem et al. [53]
		24/21	66.7%	Tsaur et al. [51]
		12/16	75.0%	Liao et al. [37]
		22/27	81.5%	Li et al. [36]
	Cystoscopic biopsy	9/24	37.5%	Kao et al. [35]
	Ureteroscopic biopsy	12/24	50.0%	Kao et al. [35]
	Urine cytology and abdominal ultrasound	4/11	36.3%	Kliem et al. [53]
	Cystoscopy and retrograde pyelography	29/30	96.7%	Wu et al. [40]
Upper tract urothelial carcinoma	Native kidney ultrasound	1/11	9.1%	Li et al. [36]
		1/6	16.7%	Tsaur et al. [51]
		2/14	14.4%	Liao et al. [37]
		2/6	33.3%	Kliem et al. [53]
		15/28	53.6%	Wu et al. [40]
	CT urography	12/14	85.7%	Wang et al. [63]

: number of patients with positive results in each diagnostic test.
: number of patients who underwent each diagnostic test.