|
Type of study | Beneficial effect | Beneficial effect limited to subpopulation | Detrimental effect limited to subpopulations | No effect |
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Clinical trials | Antiproliferative effect [83–85, 87, 90] | | | No antiproliferative effect [86, 88, 93, 94] |
Proapoptotic effect [89, 90] | | | No proapoptotic effect [93, 94] |
Reduced polyp number and size in FAP [91] | | | No anti-inflammatory effect in colony biopsies [93, 94] |
Reduced angiogenesis [92] | | | |
Reduced CRP levels in serum [93–95] | | | |
|
Observational studies | | Inverse association between increased dietary intake and risk of CR adenomas (only in women) [96] | Positive associations between FO use and CRC in high risk groups [97] | |
| Inverse association between FO use and cancer risk (in men, not in women; in colon, not in rectum) [97] | Positive association between increased intake and distal CC [98] | |
| Inverse associations between FO use and CRC in low-moderate genetic risk groups, and positive associations among high risk groups [97] | | |
| Inverse association between increased intake and RC (but not CC) [98] | | |
| Inverse association between increased dietary intake and risk of CRC (only in specific genetic variants) [99] | | |
|
Meta-analyses | Significant inverse association between fish consumption and RC [100] | | | Limited evidence of a role in CRC prevention [101, 102] |
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