1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D₃ Promotes High Glucose-Induced M1 Macrophage Switching to M2 via the VDR-PPAR Signaling Pathway

Table 2

The mRNA expression of M1/M2 macrophage-specific markers of each group (RT-PCR).

	Control	HG	M1 model	Mannitol	VD	M2 model
iNOS	0.02 ± 0.005	0.39 ± 0.11^*	0.43 ± 0.15^*	0.01 ± 0.003	0.09 ± 0.04^#	0.04 ± 0.02^#
MR	2.39 ± 0.36	1.97 ± 0.13^*	1.43 ± 0.30^*	2.26 ± 0.54	2.74 ± 0.03^#	3.54 ± 0.12^#
Arg-1	10.24 ± 0.03	2.93 ± 0.14^*	2.29 ± 0.24^*	10.04 ± 0.56	8.20 ± 0.68^#	8.82 ± 1.34^#

Control: 11.1 mM glucose; HG: 25 mM glucose; M1 model: 100 U/mL IFNγ + 5 ng/mL LPS; VD: 25 mM glucose + 10⁻⁸ mol/L 1,25(OH)₂D₃; M2 model: 10 ng/mL IL-4. Data are presented as the mean ± SD ( = 3-4 per group). ^* versus control; ^# versus HG.