Current Controversies in Diagnosis and Management of Cleft Palate and Velopharyngeal Insufficiency

Table 1

Types of compensatory articulations.

CA type	Where?	How?	Main substitutes
Glottal stop	Larynx	Glottal closure	Plosives
Pharyngeal stop	Pharynx	Base of the tongue contacts the posterior wall	Velars
Pharyngeal fricative	Pharynx	A fricative made in the pharynx	Sibilant fricatives
Pharyngeal affricate	Larynx Pharynx	Combines fricative and glottal stops	Oral affricates
Posterior nasal fricative	Pharynx	Constriction between the velum and posterior pharyngeal wall	Sibilant fricatives and affricates
Middorsum palatal stop	Midpalatal area	Tongue contact central area of palate	Plosives /t/, /k/, /d/, /g/
Nasal fricative	Nose	Nonturbulent nasal emission	Fricative

Adapted from Peterson-Falzone et al., 2006 [10], and Golding-Kushner, 2001 [11].