|
| Type | Parameters | Results | Literature |
|
| MF | 27.8 kA·m−1 | (i) Variation in the wing size in later generations
(ii) Unaffected wing asymmetry
(iii) Varying sensitivity of the genes responsible for the size of different body parts (development of wings) | [104] |
|
| MF | 476.6 kA·m−1
24 hrs exposure | (i) Reduced by 8% number of mature individuals with altered genotype group
(ii) Increased mortality of larvae probably due to MF influencing their DNA code | [101] |
|
| MF | 397.2 A·m−1 ÷ 476.6 A·m−1 | (i) Noticeable increase of the body size (persisted in later generations under no field influence)
(ii) Permanent exposure affects the genes responsible for proliferation | [107] |
|
| MF | 1.986 MA·m−1 ÷ 11.12 MA·m−1
24 hrs exposure | (i) Statistically significant enhancement in frequency of somatic recombination within the postreplication individuals with the handicapped repair process
(ii) Nonlinear relation between somatic recombination and field exposure | [108] |
|
| EMF | 3–30 Hz | (i) No changes in embryonic cells
(ii) No teratological changes
(iii) Abnormal development of embryos | [98] |
|
| EMF | 60 Hz
1.191 A·m−1 and 63.55 A·m−1 | (i) Significant decrease in mass
(ii) Lower stability than control group as well as group exposed to 1.191 A·m−1
(iii) Possible positive field influence | [109] |
|
| EMF | 8.738 kA·m−1
50 Hz
2 hrs ÷ 8 hrs exposure | (i) Pathological changes in larvae stage exposure (differences in body elements size, wing deformation, complete underdevelopment)
(ii) Pathological changes also in control groups but at lower rate
(iii) Number of pathological case directly proportional to exposure time | [98] |
|
| EMF | 900 MHz ÷ 1900 MHz
2 hrs daily for 10 days | (i) Significant increase in the level of hsp70 protein, SRE bindings, and ELK-1 phosphorylation of larvae exposed
(ii) Increased by 50% number of mature individuals
(iii) Field exposure may affect chromosomes as the salivary gland, an increased transcriptional activity of 73 of the 200 transcriptionally active regions | [105] |
|
| EMF | 7.943 ± 4.766 mA·m−1
(modulated exposure)
2.383 ± 0.238 mA·m−1 (unmodulated exposure)
900 MHz | (i) Decline in reproductive performance by 50% to 60% for individuals exposed to modulated fields
(ii) Decline in reproductive performance by 15% to 20% for individuals exposed to the unmodulated fields
(iii) Field exposure affects females more than males
(iv) Lowered rate of cellular processes occurring during formation and development of gonads
(v) Changes in cell proliferation rate, rate of DNA, RNA, or proteins synthesis | [106] |
|
