Genomic and Histopathological Tissue Biomarkers That Predict Radiotherapy Response in Localised Prostate Cancer

Table 3

Negative predictive studies in EBRT.

Marker	Function	Technique	IHC cut point used
VEGF [34]	Hypoxia	IHC	0-1 versus 2-3 cytoplasmic staining intensity
Bcl-2 [44, 60, 70]	Apoptosis	IHC	Nil versus any cytoplasmic staining [44, 60], <10% versus >10% cell staining [70]
Bax [60]	Apoptosis	IHC	Greater or lesser cytoplasm staining intensity relative to normal prostate
AR [15]	Androgen receptor	PCR array
PCA3 [15]	Prostate marker	PCR array
PTEN [15]	Cell survival	PCR array
EZH2 [15]	Transcriptional control	PCR array
EGFR [15]	Growth receptor	PCR array
PSMA [15]	Prostate marker	PCR array
MSMB [15]	Tumour suppression	PCR array
CAG repeats [71]		Genotyping (PCR)
CYP3A4 polymorphisms [72]		Genotyping
TMPRSS2/ERG (or ETV1) [16]	Androgen regulated/cell proliferation gene fusion	Array CGH, IHC	Any positive staining versus negative
Osteopontin [46]	SIBLING, tumour associated protein	ELISA
Ku70 and Ku80 [45]	NHEJ	IHC	Ku70 ≤50% versus >50% nuclear staining, Ku80 ≤60% versus >60% nuclear staining
MRE11 [56]	DNA damage response	Array CGH
RAD50 [56]	DNA damage response	Array CGH
ATM [56]	DNA damage response	Array CGH
ATR [56]	DNA damage response	Array CGH
PRKDC (DNA PKcs) [56]	NHEJ	Array CGH

SIBLING: small integrin-binding ligand: N-linked glycoprotein.