Bone Regeneration by Nanohydroxyapatite/Chitosan/Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) Scaffolds Seeded with Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells in the Calvarial Defects of the Nude Mice

Figure 4

Macroscopic observation of the defects at 8 weeks after operation. (a) nHA/CS/PLGA scaffolds + hUCMSCs; (b) nHA/PLGA scaffolds + hUCMSCs; (c) CS/PLGA scaffolds + hUCMSCs; (d) PLGA scaffolds + hUCMSCs; (e) nHA/CS/PLGA scaffolds without seeding; (f) the control group (no scaffolds). The defects were filled with new bones (a). No obvious boundaries were found between the new bones and host bones (a–e). The defects were partially healed in the control group (f).

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)