Bone Regeneration by Nanohydroxyapatite/Chitosan/Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) Scaffolds Seeded with Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells in the Calvarial Defects of the Nude Mice

Figure 5

Van Gieson staining in the calvarial defects at 8 weeks. (a) nHA/CS/PLGA scaffolds + hUCMSCs; (b) nHA/PLGA scaffolds + hUCMSCs; (c) CS/PLGA scaffolds + hUCMSCs; (d) PLGA scaffolds + hUCMSCs; (e) nHA/CS/PLGA scaffolds without seeding; (f) the control group (no scaffolds). Most of bone defects were replaced by new bones and scaffolds were found degraded mostly. There was no difference between new bones and host bones. There were lots of mature and cord-like lamellar bones bridged with host bones (a). The remaining scaffolds could still be observed. New block-style and island-style bones formed inside the defects (b, c, d, and e). New bones were visible around the defects but invisible inside the defects (e). There were no new bones found in the control group (f). NB: new bone; S: scaffold. Original magnification: 300x.

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