Neural and Nonneural Contributions to Wrist Rigidity in Parkinson’s Disease: An Explorative Study Using the NeuroFlexor
Table 1
Participants’ characteristics and medication.
PD subject
Age (years)
Gender
Disease duration (years)
UPDRS
UPDRS
NeuroFlexor
LED
Hoehn and Yahr scale ()
Part III score ()
MA arm
Rigidity MA ()
Rigidity LA
TOT MA (N) ()
TOT LA (N)
1
69
M
7
2
30
R
2
1
6.4
7.0
400
2
73
F
2
2
27
L
1
1
6.0
8.5
500
3
72
F
4
4
49
L
2
2
13.7
11.4
1605
4
66
F
1
2
16
R
1
1
7.9
7.3
200
5
72
F
1
1
2
R
1
0
10.7
7.6
300
6
63
F
1
1
5
R
1
0
5.8
4.6
600
7
67
F
7
2
13
L
1
1
8.8
9.5
823
8
71
M
4
3
46
L
3
1
16.1
7.1
599
9
79
M
2
1
11
R
1
0
6.8
5.1
300
10
81
M
5
1
19
R
2
0
13.6
4.1
200
11
77
M
3
2
21
R
2
1
8.0
5.6
500
12
73
F
7
4
45
L
2
2
13.1
19.6
1475
13
69
M
3
1
13
R
2
0
8.1
6.4
575
14
78
M
8
3
41
L
3
3
7.2
11.7
575
15
77
M
5
3
39
L
2
2
18.1
30.1
1000
16
66
M
11
3
40
L
3
2
14.2
14.9
1651
17
72
F
18
3
24
L
2
1
3.3
4.6
873
18
56
M
20
2
43
L
3
2
21.3
26.1
1075
19
73
M
18
2
15
L
3
2
10.3
10.2
733
20
76
M
9
2
8
R
1
0
6.9
5.2
1149
21
73
M
13
3
33
R
3
2
21.3
12.4
798
22
78
F
5
3
25
L
2
1
9.8
7.5
480
23
80
M
6
3
28
R
1
0
8.6
5.1
775
24
79
M
10
3
45
R
2
2
24.1
5.9
900
25
67
M
5
2
17
R
2
1
5.8
5.5
557
Mean ± SD
72.3 ± 6.0
7.0 ± 5.4
2 ± 1
26 ± 14
11.0 ± 5.5
9.7 ± 6.6
746 ± 404
M: 16 F: 9
R: 13 L: 12
Median: 2
Median: 1
PD: Parkinson’s disease, M: male, F: female, R: right, L: left, MA: most affected, LA: least affected, N: Newton, and LED: levodopa equivalent dose [25]. () Disease rating 1–5 according to Hoehn and Yahr scale. () Unified Parkinson’s disease rating scale, motor section, maximum 108 p. () Rigidity according to UPDRS: 0 = absent; 1 = slight or detectable only when activated by mirror or other movements; 2 = mild to moderate; 3 = marked; 4 = severe. () Total resistance in NeuroFlexor measurements, mean of passive and dynamic condition.
