Quantitative Assessment of the Association between Genetic Variants in MicroRNAs and Colorectal Cancer Risk

Liu, Xiao-Xu; Wang, Meng; Xu, Dan; Yang, Jian-Hai; Kang, Hua-Feng; Wang, Xi-Jing; Lin, Shuai; Yang, Peng-Tao; Liu, Xing-Han; Dai, Zhi-Jun

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/276410

BioMed Research International

On this page

Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion Acknowledgments Supplementary Materials References Copyright Related Articles

Review Article | Open Access

Volume 2015 | Article ID 276410 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/276410

Quantitative Assessment of the Association between Genetic Variants in MicroRNAs and Colorectal Cancer Risk

Xiao-Xu Liu,¹Meng Wang,¹Dan Xu,²Jian-Hai Yang,³Hua-Feng Kang,¹Xi-Jing Wang,¹Shuai Lin,¹Peng-Tao Yang,¹Xing-Han Liu,¹and Zhi-Jun Dai^1,2

Academic Editor: X. L. Li

Received11 Jan 2015

Revised22 Apr 2015

Accepted05 May 2015

Published20 May 2015

Abstract

Background. The associations between polymorphisms in microRNAs and the susceptibility of colorectal cancer (CRC) were inconsistent in previous studies. This study aims to quantify the strength of the correlation between the four common polymorphisms among microRNAs (hsa-mir-146a rs2910164, hsa-mir-149 rs2292832, hsa-mir-196a2 rs11614913, and hsa-mir-499 rs3746444) and CRC risk. Methods. We searched PubMed, Web of Knowledge, and CNKI to find relevant studies. The combined odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (95% CI) was used to estimate the strength of the association in a fixed or random effect model. Results. 15 studies involving 5,486 CRC patients and 7,184 controls were included. Meta-analyses showed that rs3746444 had association with CRC risk in Caucasians (OR = 0.57, 95% CI = 0.34–0.95). In the subgroup analysis, we found significant associations between rs2910164 and CRC in hospital based studies (OR = 1.24, 95% CI = 1.03–1.49). rs2292832 may be a high risk factor of CRC in population based studied (OR = 1.18, 95% CI = 1.08–1.38). Conclusion. This meta-analysis showed that rs2910164 and rs2292832 may increase the risk of CRC. However, rs11614913 polymorphism may reduce the risk of CRC. rs3746444 may have a decreased risk to CRC in Caucasians.

1. Introduction

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third leading cause of cancer death for both men and women in the USA [1]. In Europe, CRC represents one of the primary causes of cancer deaths [2], and, in Asia, CRC is the fourth leading cause of mortality by cancer, and its incidence is increasing [3]. Epidemiological evidences have suggested that the risk of colorectal neoplasm is affected by multiple factors including a positive family history, excessive meat consumption, smoking status, and alcohol consumption, as well as genetic alterations, such as genetic polymorphisms [2].

However, the mechanism of colorectal carcinogenesis is still not fully understood. Compared with other complex diseases, CRC may be caused by both genetic and environmental factors [4]. Because well-recognized genetic predisposition syndromes account for less than 3% of CRC, low-penetrance genetic factors alone or in combination with environmental factors probably contribute to the development of CRC [5].

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a large class of small noncoding RNAs, which participate in various biological processes and may regulate tumor suppressor genes or oncogenes [6]. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in miRNAs may alter the expression, processing, and transcription of miRNAs and thus contribute to cancer development [7]. Recently, many epidemiological studies have demonstrated that some SNPs in the miRNA genes could alter miRNA expression and/or maturation and also be associated with the susceptibility and progression of cancer [8]. Rs2910164 in hsa-mir-146a locus resides at position +60 relative to the first nucleotide of the pre-miR-146a gene. The previous studies have shown that miR-146a plays an important role in cell proliferation and metastatic ability in cancers and the variation of miR-146a may be involved in carcinogenesis [9, 10]. MiR-196a2 includes two different mature miRNAs (miR-196a-5P and miR-196a-3P) and rs11614913 located in the mature sequence of miR-196a-3P. Rs11614913 could influence the expression levels of mature miR-196a and may have an impact on the expression of its target gene, which may play a role in regulating carcinogenesis [10]. It has been identified that rs3746444 is located in the stem region of the mir-499 gene. And several studies have identified miR-499 rs3746444 as a possible biomarker for some cancers [11–13]. Compared with other three genes, there were few studies of rs2292932 in miR-149 up to now. But the T allele in miR-149 might be masked by the presence of other unidentified causal genes involved in cancer development [14]. Furthermore, several Genome-wide association studies have reported that these four common SNPs may be associated with cancer risk [8]. However, results of these studies remain inconsistent. To provide a more precise estimate of the association of miRNA polymorphisms with CRC risk, we performed a meta-analysis on all eligible published case-control studies and evaluated the effect of the four SNPs on CRC risk.

2. Methods

2.1. Publication Search

Relevant articles were independently searched by two authors (Wang M and Dai ZJ) in PubMed, Web of Science, and Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). The keywords were as follows: colorectal cancer/colorectal carcinoma, microRNA 146a/149/196a2/499, and polymorphism/genotype/variant/SNP. All qualified studies prior to December 20, 2014, were included. The eligible literature must be published in English or Chinese. Furthermore, reference lists of main reports and review articles were also reviewed manually to identify additional relevant publications.

2.2. Selection Criteria

The following criteria were used to select eligible studies for further meta-analysis: (1) case-control design; (2) full-text study; (3) studies that evaluated the associations between miRNA polymorphisms and CRC risk; and (4) studies that included detailed genotyping data.

2.3. Data Extraction

Articles were reviewed independently by two reviewers and data with discrepancies were discussed by all authors. For each included study, the following information was collected: first author, year of publication, country of origin, ethnicity, source of control, total number of cases and controls, and genotyping methods as well as number of cases and controls with the different genotypes. Different ethnic groups were categorized as Caucasian, Asian, African, and “mixed.” All the case and control groups were well controlled.

2.4. Statistical Analysis

The associations between miRNA polymorphisms and CRC risk were measured by odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI). The significance of the pooled OR was determined by the test.

The meta-analysis assessed association by using 5 different genetic models: homozygous genetic model, heterozygote genetic model, dominant genetic model, recessive genetic model, and allelic model. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) among the control subjects was tested by the Chi-square test. Statistical heterogeneity among studies was assessed with the and statistics. If the value of heterogeneity test was more than 0.05 (), the pooled OR estimate of the study was calculated by the fixed-effects model. Otherwise, the random-effects model was used. The value of the index was used to assess the degree of heterogeneity (%: no heterogeneity; %: moderate heterogeneity; %: high heterogeneity; and %: extreme high heterogeneity). Publication bias was evaluated by the funnel plot. All statistical analyses were carried out with the review manager version 5.1 (Revman; The Cochrane Collaboration, Oxford, UK).

3. Results

3.1. Characteristics of Studies

According to the inclusion criteria defined above (Figure 1), fifteen studies on miRNA polymorphisms with CRC risk were identified [8], including 5,486 CRC patients and 7,184 cancer-free controls. All the included eligible studies were published in English or Chinese. Among the eligible fifteen studies, eleven studies were based on Asian backgrounds which were carried out in China and Korea. Only four studies were based on Caucasian, having been carried out in Greek, Lithuania, Italy, and Czech, respectively. Simultaneously, there were seven hospital based studies and eight population based studies. Main characteristics of the included studies were listed in Table 1.

3.2. Meta-Analysis Results

As shown in Table 2, the frequencies of the minor allele varied widely across the eligible studies, ranging from 0.14 to 0.80 (rs2910164), 0.33 to 0.82 (rs2292832), 0.34 to 0.66 (rs11614913), and 0.14 to 0.68 (rs3746444). The average frequencies of the minor allele in the four polymorphisms were 0.47, 0.66, 0.51, and 0.27, respectively. The distributions of genotypes in the controls were all in agreement with HWE except four studies [8, 15–17].

The main results of this meta-analysis were presented in Table S1, in Supplementary Material available online at http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/276410. There were 11 studies with 3,937 cases and 5,120 controls for rs2910164. miR-146a rs2910164 polymorphism has no association with CRC risk in the overall population (C versus G: OR = 0.96, 95% CI = 0.82–1.12, , Figure 2; CC versus GG: OR = 1.02, 95% CI = 0.78–1.33, ; GC versus GG: OR = 1.00, 95% CI = 0.83–1.20, ; CC versus GG + GC: OR = 1.03, 95% CI = 0.80–1.31, ; GC + CC versus GG: OR = 1.01, 95% CI = 0.84–1.22, ). After omitting the study which was not according with the HWE, the results were in accordance with the overall population (C versus G: OR = 0.93, 95% CI = 0.79–1.09, ; CC versus GG: OR = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.73–1.28, ; GC versus GG: OR = 0.98, 95% CI = 0.81–1.20, ; CC versus GG + GC: OR = 0.99, 95% CI = 0.76–1.27, ; GC + CC versus GG: OR = 0.99, 95% CI = 0.82–1.20, ). When stratifying analysis by ethnicity, there was also no significant association observed between the rs2910164 and CRC susceptibility in the five genetic models. In the analysis stratified by the source of control, significant associations were observed in the hospital based studies for recessive genetic model (CC versus GG + GC: OR = 1.24, 95% CI = 1.03–1.49, ). No associations were found in population based studies.

The association of the rs2292832 polymorphism with CRC susceptibility was investigated in 5 studies with 1,568 cases and 1,824 controls. We failed to find any significant associations in any genotype (T versus C: OR = 1.05, 95% CI = 0.95–1.17, , Figure 3; TT versus CC: OR = 1.09 95% CI = 0.87–1.37, ; CT versus CC: OR = 1.35, 95% CI = 0.64–2.86, ; TT versus CC + CT: OR = 0.91, 95% CI = 0.54–1.53, ; TT + CT versus CC: OR = 1.24, 95% CI = 0.82–1.87, ). And there was also no association existing in any genetic models after we rejected the studies which were not in agreement with HWE. There was only one study based on Caucasian. When excluding the Caucasian study, the null association remained in Asians. We further made stratified analysis based on the source of control. And we observed significant associations in population based studies in the recessive genetic model (TT versus CC + CT: OR = 1.18, 95% CI = 1.08–1.38, ).

Ten studies with 2,906 cases and 4,150 controls were used to evaluate the relationship between rs11614913 polymorphism and CRC risk. No significant association was detected under all the genetic models (haploid model: OR = 1.10, 95% CI = 0.84–1.43, ; homozygote comparison: OR = 1.18, 95% CI = 0.76–1.83, ; heterozygote comparison: OR = 1.11, 95% CI = 0.82–1.50, ; dominant model: OR = 1.13, 95% CI = 0.83–1.55, and recessive model: OR = 1.07, 95% CI = 0.82–1.38, , Figure 4). When excluding the studies which were inconsistent with HWE, the results showed a significant association between rs11614913 polymorphism and CRC risk in the homozygous genetic model (TT versus CC: OR = 0.80, 95% CI = 0.68–0.95, ). Further subgroup analysis by ethnicity showed no association between rs11614913 and CRC risk either in Caucasians or in Asians. And no significant associations were observed in population based studies and hospital based studies for all genetic models.

For miR-499 rs3746444 polymorphism, our meta-analysis contained 6 studies with 1,471 cases and 2,104 controls. Overall, the rs3746444 polymorphism has no association with CRC risk (haploid model: OR = 0.96, 95% CI = 0.84–1.10, ; homozygote comparison: OR = 0.90, 95% CI = 0.67–1.22, ; heterozygote comparison: OR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.54–1.26, ; dominant model: OR = 0.91, 95% CI = 0.71–1.17, and recessive model: OR = 0.95, 95% CI = 0.73–1.25, ). Further analysis of the studies which were in agreement with HWE also showed no association between the rs3746444 polymorphism and CRC. And null associations were found in hospital based studies or population based studies. However, in the stratified analysis according to ethnicity, the homozygote model demonstrated a significant decrease in the CRC risk in Caucasians (GG versus AA: OR = 0.57, 95% CI = 0.34–0.95, , Figure 5).

3.3. Publication Bias

In this meta-analysis, we performed funnel plot to access the publication bias. As showed in Figure 6, the funnel plots failed to reveal any obvious asymmetry in all genotypes in overall population. Therefore, the results indicated that publication bias was not significant in this meta-analysis.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

4. Discussion

Allelic variants in the sequence of mature miRNAs represent a particularly interesting potential source of phenotypic diversity of genetic diseases, which may contribute directly to disease susceptibility [18]. Accumulating evidence has shown that miRNAs regulate the expression of roughly 30% of the all human genes through posttranscriptional mechanisms [19]. SNPs in miRNA genes could function through three ways: firstly, the transcription of the primary transcript; secondly, pri-miRNA and pre-miRNA processing; and thirdly, effects on miRNA-mRNA interactions [7]. Genetic effects connected to SNPs at the level of miRNA genes may have a significant relationship with the expression and clinical features in CRC [16].

A large number of studies had highlighted several associations between SNPs in miRNAs and the risk of CRC [8]. However, controversial experimental data were obtained. For example, there was no significant association between rs2910164 and CRC in Hezova et al.’s study [20], whereas Chae et al. reported that miR-146a rs2910164 polymorphism of genotype CC may contribute to a higher risk of CRC [21]. Min et al. from Korea [22] demonstrated that miR-196a2 rs11614913 polymorphism had a decreased risk to CRC, whereas Lv et al. [8] reported that T allele in rs11614913 was associated with an increased risk of CRC compared with the C allele.

The present meta-analysis, including 5,486 CRC patients and 7,184 cancer-free controls from 15 case-control studies, was conducted to evaluate the association between the four common SNPs in miRNAs (miR-146a rs2910164, miR-149 rs2292832, miR-196a2 rs11614913, and miR-499 rs3746444) and CRC risk. In this study, we found that rs3746444 polymorphism has no association with CRC risk in the overall population. However, accumulative data from two studies based on Caucasian background (317 cases and 477 controls) showed significantly decreased cancer risks in the homozygous model. Considering the limited sample size, we need more large well-designed studies to evaluate the result. Simultaneously, we failed to find any significant correlation between the rs2910164, rs2292832, and rs11614913 polymorphisms and risk of CRC in overall studies or in different ethnic groups for all genetic models. But significant association between rs2910164 and CRC was observed in hospital based studies in the recessive model. And we found that rs2292832 polymorphisms may be associated with increased the risk of CRC in population based studies for recessive model. While T allele of rs11614913 was a protect factor of CRC in the homozygous model when we excluded the studies which were not in agreement with HWE.

Although the biological mechanism of SNPs in miRNAs contributing to the regulation of cancer susceptibility and development remains unknown, a large quantity of meta-analyses has been engaged in the newly developed field in the past few years [23]. A previous meta-analysis by K. Srivastava and A. Srivastava [23] was demonstrated that miR-196a2 rs11614913 polymorphisms have significant associations with overall cancer risk. In Xu et al.’s meta-analysis [24], TT genotype of rs11614913 polymorphism was associated with decreased cancer risk. Rs2910164 C allele was associated with decreased overall cancer risk especially for cervical cancer and prostate cancer risk in Chinese population. Rs3746444 G allele was a risk factor in Chinese population, especially for breast cancer. Different results were also presented in several meta-analyses which evaluated the relationship between miRNAs and CRC risk [25]. Wan et al.’s study demonstrates that miR-196a2 rs11614913 most likely contributes to decreased risk of CRC, whereas miR-146a rs2910164 may not be associated with the susceptibility to CRC [25]. While the pooled data from Du et al.’s meta-analysis supported that the miR-196a2 rs11614913 and miR-149 rs2292832 polymorphisms may contribute to susceptibility to CRC [26]. The latest meta-analysis, which related to the associations between miRNA polymorphisms and colorectal cancer, performed by Wu et al. indicated that SNP rs11614913 but not SNP rs2910164 and SNP rs2292832 may contribute to susceptibility to CRC in an Asian-specific manner [27]. This result was unconformable with our results. Compared with Wu’s meta-analysis which included 9 relevant studies, our research totally identified 15 studies including 5,486 CRC cases and 7,184 controls. Thus, our meta-analysis contained the newest data and largest sample size on the study of the relationship between miRNAs and colorectal cancer. Additionally, we performed subgroup analyses by different data information in more detail.

Some limitations still existed in this meta-analysis. Firstly, the included studies are mainly based on Asian background. There were only five studies based on Caucasian background and no studies on African background. Secondly, some detailed information (such as sex, age, life-style, and environmental factors) was not considered. Further large scale multicenter studies based on Caucasian or African will be needed to clarify the possible roles of these polymorphisms in CRC. Though many investigators have been devoted to identify the roles of the miRNAs in carcinogenesis, the mechanisms were still unclear. Further biologically functional studies are warranted to explain the molecular mechanisms.

In summary, this meta-analysis showed that there were no associations between the four polymorphisms and CRC risk in the overall population. Further analysis stratified by the source of control showed that rs2910164 polymorphism is associated with CRC risk in hospital based studies, and rs2292832 polymorphism may contribute to the susceptibility of CRC in population based studies. In the pooled analysis from all studies which are in agreement with HWE revealed that rs11614913 TT carriers may have a decreased CRC risk. Moreover, in the stratified analysis according to ethnicity, rs3746444 polymorphism may reduce the risk of CRC in Caucasians.

Conflict of Interests

No conflict of interests exists for any of the authors.

Authors’ Contribution

Meng Wang and Dan Xu contributed equally to this work.

Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge the National Natural Science Foundation of China (no. 81471670); China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (no. 2014M560791); the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, China (no. 2014qngz-04); and Specialized Research Fund of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, China (RC (GG) 201203).

Supplementary Materials

Table S1: Meta-analysis results.

Supplementary Material

References

A. Jemal, F. Bray, M. M. Center, J. Ferlay, E. Ward, and D. Forman, “Global cancer statistics,” CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, vol. 61, no. 2, pp. 69–90, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Ferlay, D. M. Parkin, and E. Steliarova-Foucher, “Estimates of cancer incidence and mortality in Europe in 2008,” European Journal of Cancer, vol. 46, no. 4, pp. 765–781, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. J. Y. Sung, J. Y. W. Lau, K. L. Goh et al., “Increasing incidence of colorectal cancer in Asia: implications for screening,” The Lancet Oncology, vol. 6, no. 11, pp. 871–876, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. Lichtenstein, N. V. Holm, P. K. Verkasalo et al., “Environmental and heritable factors in the causation of cancer—analyses of cohorts of twins from Sweden, Denmark, and Finland,” The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 343, no. 2, pp. 78–85, 2000.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. P. Cleary, M. Cotterchio, E. Shi, S. Gallinger, and P. Harper, “Cigarette smoking, genetic variants in carcinogen-metabolizing enzymes, and colorectal cancer risk,” American Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 172, no. 9, pp. 1000–1014, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. Ruan, X. Fang, and G. Ouyang, “MicroRNAs: novel regulators in the hallmarks of human cancer,” Cancer Letters, vol. 285, no. 2, pp. 116–126, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. M. Ryan, A. I. Robles, and C. C. Harris, “Genetic variation in microRNA networks: the implications for cancer research,” Nature Reviews Cancer, vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 389–402, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Lv, W. Dong, L. Li et al., “Association between genetic variants in pre-miRNA and colorectal cancer risk in a Chinese population,” Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology, vol. 139, no. 8, pp. 1405–1410, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. Xu, Y. Zhu, Q.-K. Wei et al., “A functional polymorphism in the miR-146a gene is associated with the risk for hepatocellular carcinoma,” Carcinogenesis, vol. 29, no. 11, pp. 2126–2131, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. Jazdzewski, E. L. Murray, K. Franssila, B. Jarzab, D. R. Schoenberg, and A. De La Chapelle, “Common SNP in pre-miR-146a decreases mature miR expression and predisposes to papillary thyroid carcinoma,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 105, no. 20, pp. 7269–7274, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Okubo, T. Tahara, T. Shibata et al., “Association between common genetic variants in pre-microRNAs and gastric cancer risk in Japanese population,” Helicobacter, vol. 15, no. 6, pp. 524–531, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
I. Catucci, R. Yang, P. Verderio et al., “Evaluation of SNPs in miR-146a, miR196a2 and miR-499 as low-penetrance alleles in German and Italian familial breast cancer cases,” Human Mutation, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. E1052–E1057, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Z. S. Liu, G. J. Li, S. Wei et al., “Genetic variants in selected pre-microrna genes and the risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck,” Cancer, vol. 116, no. 20, pp. 4753–4760, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Zhang, Y.-F. Liu, and Y. Gan, “Lack of association between miR-149 C>T polymorphism and cancer susceptibility: a meta-analysis based on 4,677 cases and 4,830 controls,” Molecular Biology Reports, vol. 39, no. 9, pp. 8749–8753, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. R. Wu, The Association of miR-SNP with the Susceptibility of Colorectal Cancer and Response to Chemotherapy, Soochow University, Suzhou, China, 2014.
S. Vinci, S. Gelmini, I. Mancini et al., “Genetic and epigenetic factors in regulation of microRNA in colorectal cancers,” Methods, vol. 59, no. 1, pp. 138–146, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. W. Zhang, Study on the Associations of Lifestyle-Related Factors, Genetic Variants in miRNA Encoding Regions and miRNA Binding Sites with Colorectal Cancer Risk, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China, 2012.
S. Bandiera, E. Hatem, S. Lyonnet, and A. Henrion-Caude, “MicroRNAs in diseases: from candidate to modifier genes,” Clinical Genetics, vol. 77, no. 4, pp. 306–313, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. P. Bartel, “MicroRNAs: target recognition and regulatory functions,” Cell, vol. 136, no. 2, pp. 215–233, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. Hezova, A. Kovarikova, J. Bienertova-Vasku et al., “Evaluation of SNPs in miR-196-a2, miR-27a and miR-146a as risk factors of colorectal cancer,” World Journal of Gastroenterology, vol. 18, no. 22, pp. 2827–2831, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. S. Chae, J. G. Kim, S. J. Lee et al., “A miR-146a polymorphism (rs2910164) predicts risk of and survival from colorectal cancer,” Anticancer Research, vol. 33, no. 8, pp. 3233–3240, 2013.
View at: Google Scholar
K. T. Min, J. W. Kim, Y. J. Jeon et al., “Association of the miR-146aC>G, 149C>T, 196a2C>T, and 499A>G polymorphisms with colorectal cancer in the Korean population,” Molecular Carcinogenesis, vol. 51, no. 1, pp. E65–E73, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. Srivastava and A. Srivastava, “Comprehensive review of genetic association studies and meta-analyses on miRNA polymorphisms and cancer risk,” PLoS ONE, vol. 7, no. 11, Article ID e50966, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. Xu, L. Gu, Y. Pan et al., “Different effects of three polymorphisms in microRNAs on cancer risk in Asian population: evidence from published literatures,” PLoS ONE, vol. 8, no. 6, Article ID e65123, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. Wan, W. Gu, G. Xu et al., “Effects of common polymorphisms rs2910164 in miR-146a and rs11614913 in miR-196a2 on susceptibility to colorectal cancer: a systematic review meta-analysis,” Clinical and Translational Oncology, vol. 16, no. 9, pp. 792–800, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
W. Du, X. L. Ma, C. Zhao et al., “Associations of single nucleotide polymorphisms in miR-146a, miR-196a, miR-149 and miR-499 with colorectal cancer susceptibility,” Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 1047–1055, 2014.
View at: Google Scholar
Y. Wu, X. Hao, Z. Feng, and Y. Liu, “Genetic polymorphisms in miRNAs and susceptibility to colorectal cancer,” Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics, vol. 71, no. 1, pp. 271–278, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. Dikaiakos, M. Gazouli, S. Rizos, G. Zografos, and G. E. Theodoropoulos, “Evaluation of genetic variants in miRNAs in patients with colorectal cancer,” Cancer Biomarkers, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 163–168, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Kupcinskas, I. Bruzaite, S. Juzenas et al., “Lack of association between miR-27a, miR-146a, miR-196a-2, miR-492 and miR-608 gene polymorphisms and colorectal cancer,” Scientific Reports, vol. 4, article 5993, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. Mao, Y. Li, F. Jing et al., “Association of a genetic variant in microRNA-146a with risk of colorectal cancer: a population-based case-control study,” Tumor Biology, vol. 35, no. 7, pp. 6961–6967, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
X. Hu, L. Li, M. Shang et al., “Association between microRNA genetic variants and susceptibility to colorectal cancer in Chinese population,” Tumor Biology, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 2151–2156, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
L. Ma, L. Zhu, D. Gu et al., “A genetic variant in miR-146a modifies colorectal cancer susceptibility in a Chinese population,” Archives of Toxicology, vol. 87, no. 5, pp. 825–833, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
L. Zhu, H. Chu, D. Gu et al., “A functional polymorphism in miRNA-196a2 is associated with colorectal cancer risk in a Chinese population,” DNA and Cell Biology, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 350–354, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. Chen, L.-Y. Sun, L.-L. Chen, H.-Q. Zheng, and Q.-F. Zhang, “A variant in microRNA-196a2 is not associated with susceptibility to and progression of colorectal cancer in Chinese,” Internal Medicine Journal, vol. 42, no. 6, pp. e115–e119, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. F. Zhan, L. H. Chen, Z. X. Chen et al., “A functional variant in microRNA-196a2 is associated with susceptibility of colorectal cancer in a Chinese population,” Archives of Medical Research, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 144–148, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
X. P. Ma, T. Zhang, B. Peng, L. Yu, and D. K. Jiang, “Association between microRNA polymorphisms and cancer risk based on the findings of 66 case-control studies,” PLoS ONE, vol. 8, no. 11, Article ID e79584, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar

Copyright

Copyright © 2015 Xiao-Xu Liu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

PDF Download Citation

Download other formats

Order printed copies

Views

1246

Downloads

888

Citations