Disparities in Prevalence of Smoking and Smoking Cessation during Pregnancy: A Population-Based Study

Table 3

Prevalence of smoking during pregnancy by family income, level of education, skin color, and age. Rio Grande, RS, Brazil, 2007–2013 ( = 7,572).

Variable/survey year	2007		2010		2013		% change	value for trend in the study period
		%		%		%	2007–2013
Overall	2,540	22.0	2.379	21	2.653	18.0	−18.2	<0.001
Family income quintile
1 (lowest)	580	34.1	539	28.8	622	28.3	−17.0	0.029
2	449	26.1	473	30.4	504	21.8	−16.5	0.115
3	499	21.0	435	20.7	469	17.3	−17.6	0.143
4	526	17.1	513	15.6	533	14.3	−16.4	0.202
5 (highest)	486	10.3	419	6.9	525	6.7	−34.9	0.035
value for linear trend	<0.001		<0.001		<0.001
Level of education (full years)
0–4	320	34.4	190	37.4	162	35.2	+2.3	0.769
5–8	917	32.1	884	31.8	892	29.3	−8.7	0.199
9–11	1,064	13.7	1,060	12.4	1,188	11.9	−13.1	0.189
12 or more	239	4.2	245	5.7	411	4.6	+9.5	0.889
value for heterogeneity	<0.001		<0.001		<0.001
Self-referred skin color
White	1,671	19.5	1,630	16.9	1,751	15.3	−21.5	0.001
Mixed	517	24.9	507	29.8	593	22.3	−10.4	0.259
Black	332	29.2	242	29.3	308	25.0	−14.4	0.239
value for heterogeneity	<0.001		<0.001		<0.001
Maternal age (years)
13–19	515	19.4	445	18.6	460	13.7	−29.4	0.020
20–24	716	24.4	637	22.6	702	19.4	−20.5	0.022
25–29	622	20.3	614	23.0	638	19.9	−2.0	0.870
30 or more	687	23.1	683	18.9	853	17.8	−22.9	0.010
value for heterogeneity	0.107		0.125		0.041

Linearity deviation ( value for heterogeneity).