Natural Compounds Regulate Glycolysis in Hypoxic Tumor Microenvironment

Table 1

Natural compounds interfere with glycolysis signaling pathway and function.

Compound/extract name	Chemical class	Effects on glycolysis and potential mechanisms of action	References
Alkannin	Naphthoquinone	Inhibits the activity of PKM2	[3]
Apigenin	Flavones	Inhibits glucose uptake in U937 and MC3T3-G2/PA6 cells and inhibits activation of Akt and translocation of GLUT4	[4, 5]
Catechin	Flavanol	Inhibits glucose uptake in U937	[4]
Cyanidin	Flavanol	Inhibits glucose uptake in U937	[4]
Curcumin	Polyphenol	Inhibits inflammatory-induced glycolysis	[6]
Daidzein	Isoflavone	Inhibits glucose uptake in U937	[4]
(−)-Epigallocatechin gallate	Flavanol	Inhibits insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in mouse MC3T3-G2/PA6 cells	[5]
Fisetin	Flavonol	Inhibits glucose uptake in U937 and MC3T3-G2/PA6 cells	[4, 5]
Genistein	Isoflavone	Inhibits glucose uptake in U937 and binds on the external surface of GLUT1	[4, 7]
Graviola extract		Inhibits glucose uptake and strongly reduces the GLUT1, GLUT4, HKII, and LDH-A expression	[8]
Hesperetin	Flavanone	Inhibits glucose uptake in human myelocytic U937	[4]
Kaempferol	Flavonol	Inhibits insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in mouse MC3T3-G2/PA6 cells and inhibits activation of Akt and translocation of GLUT4	[5]
Luteolin	Flavones	Inhibits insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in mouse MC3T3-G2/PA6 cells, inhibits insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of IR-β, and inhibits activation of Akt and translocation of GLUT4	[5]
4-O-Methyl alpinumisoflavone	Isoflavone	HIF-1 inhibitor; inhibits HIF-1 target genes GLUT-1	[9]
Methyl jasmonate	Methyl ester	Detaches hexokinase from the mitochondria	[10]
Myricetin	Flavonol	Inhibits glucose uptake in human U937 cells	[4]
Naringenin	Flavanone	Inhibits glucose uptake in human U937 cells	[4]
Neoalbaconol	Sesquiterpenes	Inhibits PI3-K/Akt-HK2 pathway	[11]
Oleanolic acid	Organic acid	Induces PKM2/PKM1 switch and suppresses aerobic glycolysis	[12]
Prosapogenin A	Saponin	Inhibition of STAT3 and GLUT1, HK, and liver-type subunit of phosphofructokinase (PFKL)	[13]
Quercetin	Flavonol	Inhibits glucose uptake in U937 and MC3T3-G2/PA6 cells, inhibits activation of Akt and translocation of GLUT4, and binds on the internal side of GLUT1	[4, 5, 7]
Saframycin A	Alkaloid	Forms a nuclear ternary complex with GAPDH and DNA	[14]
Shikonin	Naphthoquinone	Inhibits the activity of PKM2	[15]
Silybin	Flavanonol	Inhibits insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in mouse MC3T3-G2/PA6 cells	[5]
Spatholobus suberectus aqueous extract		Inhibiting cancer LDH-A activity	[16]
Theaflavins	Flavanol	Inhibit insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in mouse MC3T3-G2/PA6 cells	[5]