Custom-Made Antibiotic Cement Nails in Orthopaedic Trauma: Review of Outcomes, New Approaches, and Perspectives

Table 1

Literature review of antibiotic cement nail cases.

First author	Year	Number of cases	Anatomical site	Mean age (range)	Follow-up (range)	Nail formulation; per 40 g PMMA	Results
Case series
Kanakaris [28]	2014	24	14 femurs; 10 tibias	47 (17–75) years	19 (8–36) months	0.5 g gentamicin; 2 g vancomycin, antifungals	4% recurrence; 5% failure in nail removal
Asloum [29]	2014	28	3 femurs; 25 tibias	43 (19–70) years	48 (4–96) months	Unknown	7% recurrence; 7% complications
Dhanasekhar [30]	2013	18	Femurs and tibias	Unknown	Unknown	2 g vancomycin; 0.5 gentamicin	0% recurrence
Wasko [23]	2013	10	10 tibias	42 (20–59) years	72 (60–84) months	2.5 gentamicin	0% recurrence; 0% complications
Selhi [31]	2011	16	8 femurs; 7 tibias; 1 humerus	38 (18–54) years	Unknown	4 g vancomycin; 0.5 gentamicin	31% recurrence; 0% complications
Kanakaris [32]	2011	8	8 femurs	40 (22–76) years	12 (12–20) months	0.5 g gentamicin; 2 g vancomycin	0% recurrence; 0% complications
Bar-On [33]	2010	4	2 femurs; 2 tibias	9 (5–14) years	41 (36–46) months	Unknown	0% recurrence; 50% wound healing disturbances
Bhadra [13]	2009	30	Lower limb	47 (20–79) years	26 (4–40) months	1.2 mg tobramycin; 1 g vancomycin	Unknown
Shyam [34]	2009	25	23 femurs; 2 tibias	33 (21–58) years	29 (18–40) months	2 g vancomycin; 2 g gentamicin	20% recurrence; 0% complications
Sancineto [27]	2008	18	4 femurs; 14 tibias	37 (18–52) years	12 (10–54) months	4 g vancomycin; Various others	6% recurrence; 6% intolerance to nail
Qiang [35]	2007	19	5 femurs; 14 tibias	38 (22–78) years	16 (6–28) months	2 g vancomycin	0% recurrence; 5% complications
Paley [21]	2002	9	6 femurs; 2 tibias; 1 humerus	30 (8–70) years	41 (32–48) months	2.4 tobramycin; 2 g vancomycin	0% recurrence; 10% rod fracture
Case reports
Mauffrey [36]	2014	1	1 femur	58 years	2 months	0.5 gentamicin; 2.4 g tobramycin; 2 g vancomycin	Unknown
Riel [37]	2010	1	1 tibia	±65 years	Unknown	0.5 g gentamicin	Unknown
Madanagopal [12]	2004	1	1 tibia	Unknown	Unknown	1.2 g tobramycin	0% recurrence
Ohtsuka [38]	2002	1	1 tibia	28 years	18 months	1.2 gentamicin	0% recurrence