Enhanced Oxidative Stress and Other Potential Biomarkers for Retinopathy in Type 2 Diabetics: Beneficial Effects of the Nutraceutic Supplements

Table 3

Ophthalmic examination records of the study participants.

		T2DM
BCVA RE	Baseline	0.81 ± 0.296
	18 months	0.78 ± 0.220
	value	0.176
BCVA LE	Baseline	0.83 ± 0.22
	18 months	0.78 ± 0.22
	value	0.388
IOP RE (mmHg)	Baseline	15.2 ± 2.8
	18 months	15.6 ± 2.5
	value	0.099
IOP LE (mmHg)	Baseline	15.6 ± 2.9
	18 months	16.1± 2.5
	value	0.048
RNFLT RE (μm)	Baseline	251.65 ± 22.79
	18 months	254.14 ± 31.60
	value	0.001
RNFLT LE (μm)	Baseline	258.53 ± 55.029
	18 months	262.22 ± 6.38
	value	0.011
MT RE ()	Baseline	5.6% (13)
	18 months	7.2% (9)
MT LE ()	Baseline	11.2% (14)
	18 months	10.4% (13)

DM − R: diabetes mellitus without retinopathy; DM + R: diabetes mellitus with retinopathy; BCVA: best corrected visual acuity; RE: right eye; LE: left eye; IOP: intraocular pressure; RNFL: retinal nerve fiber layer thickness; MT: macular thickness. Data are shown as mean ± standard deviation.
Statistically significant ().