Enhanced Oxidative Stress and Other Potential Biomarkers for Retinopathy in Type 2 Diabetics: Beneficial Effects of the Nutraceutic Supplements

Table 6

Comparison of the plasmatic prooxidant and antioxidant markers found in the diabetes mellitus patients according to having poor/good adherence to Mediterranean diet.

	T2DM−DR		T2DM+DR
	PAMD	GAMD	PAMD	GAMD
MDA1 (µm/L)	2.30 ± 1.14	2.47 ± 1.67	3.77 ± 1.26	3.01 ± 1.32	<0.001
MDA2 (µm/L)	2.32 ± 0.85	2.58 ± 1.11	4.12 ± 1.78	2.49 ± 1.31	<0.001
TAA1 (µM)	2.57 ± 1.50	2.71 ± 1.58	1.86 ± 1.10	2.39 ± 2.06	0.051
TAA2 (µM)	3.11 ± 1.50	2.58 ± 0.99	1.91 ± 1.38	2.88 ± 1.17	0.001

T2DM−RD: type 2 Diabetes mellitus patients without diabetic retinopathy; T2DM+DR: type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with diabetic retinopathy; PAMD: poor adherence to Mediterranean diet; GAMD: good adherence to Mediterranean diet; MDA1: malondialdehyde-baseline; MDA2: malondialdehyde-end of study; TAA1: total antioxidant activity-baseline; TAA2: total antioxidant activity-end of study. Data are shown as mean ± standard deviation.
value obtained from ANOVA analysis.
a: significant differences between DM − DR PAMD and DM + DR PAMD; b: significant differences between DM − DR GAMD and DM + DR PAMD; c: significant differences between DM + DR PAMD and DM + DR GAMD.