Elevated Serum Levels of Cysteine and Tyrosine: Early Biomarkers in Asymptomatic Adults at Increased Risk of Developing Metabolic Syndrome
Table 2
Adipokines, cytokines, and metabolites.
Variable
MetS0 = 31
MetS1 = 35
MetS2 = 30
Adipokines
Adiponectin (mg/L)
6.5 ± 3.2
6.3 ± 4.6
3.7 ± 2.5c,e
Visfatin (μg/L)
0.33 ± 0.22
0.60 ± 0.43b
0.96 ± 0.53d,e
Resistin (mg/L)
8.2 ± 2.6
8.0 ± 2.1
8.0 ± 3.4
Markers of inflammation
C-reactive protein (mg/L)
0.7 ± 0.6
2.0 ± 1.8b
3.1 ± 2.1d,e
IL-6 (ng/L)
3.0 ± 0.8
3.0 ± 1.0
4.3 ± 1.1
TNF-α (ng/L)
2.0 ± 1.6
4.2 ± 2.2a
4.7 ± 2.1c
Conventional metabolites
Glucose (mmol/L)
4.9 ± 0.4
5.1 ± 0.3
5.4 ± 0.5c,e
Insulin (μU/mL)
5.4 ± 1.9
7.3 ± 2.8a
13.0 ± 5.8d,e
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)
4.9 ± 0.8
5.4 ± 1.0
5.6 ± 1.2c
HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L)
1.6 ± 0.2
1.5 ± 0.3
1.2 ± 0.3c,e
LDL-cholesterol (mmol/L)
3.0 ± 0.7
3.4 ± 0.9
3.6 ± 1.1c
Triacylglycerols (mmol/L)
0.8 ± 0.2
1.0 ± 0.4a
1.7 ± 0.8d,f
Homocysteine (μmol/L)
10.8 ± 2.6
9.6 ± 2.6
10.4 ± 2.5
Bilirubin (μmol/L)
14.5 ± 5.6
14.9 ± 6.5
11.9 ± 3.3c,e
Amino acids in serum (μmol/L)
Alanine
365 ± 72
389 ± 87
426 ± 75c
Glycine
274 ± 64
255 ± 73
230 ± 46c
Leucine
119 ± 18
124 ± 20
158 ± 30c
Phenylalanine
59 ± 8
63 ± 8
67 ± 6c
Tyrosine
54 ± 13
64 ± 11a
72 ± 10d,e
Threonine
134 ± 32
132 ± 23
131 ± 17
Serine
119 ± 17
116 ± 22
105 ± 11c
Proline
175 ± 63
172 ± 32
203 ± 43
Methionine
22 ± 5
23 ± 5
24 ± 3
Cysteine
0.3 ± 0.3
3.0 ± 2.7b
5.8 ± 4.7d,e
HDL: high density lipoprotein; IL: interleukin; LDL: low density lipoprotein; TNF: tumor necrosis factor. Values are presented as means ± SD.
a,bGroup MetS1 is significantly different from group MetS0 at < 0.05 and < 0.001, respectively.
c,dGroup MetS2 is significantly different from group MetS0 at < 0.05 and < 0.001, respectively.
e,fGroup MetS2 is significantly different from group MetS1 at < 0.05 and < 0.001, respectively.
