Single-Stranded DNA Aptamers against Pathogens and Toxins: Identification and Biosensing Applications

Table 2

Summary table of ssDNA MREs targeting viruses and virus protein for biosensing applications.

Target	SELEX method		Detection method	LOD	Reference
Human noroviruses	Antibody-bead conjugates	High nanomolar range	RT-qPCR	10 RNA copies	[94]
Norovirus	Nitrocellulose membrane	Low picomolar range	Electrochemical	180 virus particles	[93]
Norovirus II.4 capsid protein VP1	Filter	—	—	—	[95]
Influenza A H1N1	Microfluidic SELEX	55.14 ± 22.40 nM	Bead/fluorescent	6.4 10^−3 HAU	[34]
Avian influenza H5N1	Nitrocellulose membrane	4.65 nM	Dot blot	1.28 HAU	[97]
Influenza A hemagglutinin protein	TALON affinity resin	Low nanomolar range	Sandwich ELAA	—	[98]
SARS-CoV N protein	Ni-NTA beads	4.93 ± 0.3 nM	Western blot	—	[10]
Bovine viral diarrhea virus	GO-SELEX	5 10^4 TCID50/mL	SPR AuNP sandwich	800 copies/mL	[24]
HCV envelope surface glycoprotein E2	Cell surface SELEX	1.05 ± 1 nM	—	—	[100]
Dengue virus type-2 envelope protein domain III	Ni-NTA magnetic beads	154 ± 40 nM	—	—	[102]
HIV reverse transcriptase	CE-SELEX	180 ± 70 pM	—	—	[103]